Rhodopsin-like receptors

Today, Rhodopsin-like receptors is a topic of great relevance and interest to a wide spectrum of people. From its impact on society to its implications on everyday life, Rhodopsin-like receptors has captured the attention of both experts and the general population. In this article we will explore the different facets of Rhodopsin-like receptors and examine its importance in today's world. Through a detailed analysis, we will seek to understand how Rhodopsin-like receptors has evolved over time and what its projection is in the future. From its influence on the economy to its presence in popular culture, Rhodopsin-like receptors has managed to position itself as a topic of debate and reflection today.

Rhodopsin-like receptors
Structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor.[1]
Identifiers
Symbol7tm_1
PfamPF00001
Pfam clanGPCR_A
InterProIPR000276
PROSITEPDOC00211
SCOP21f88 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily6
OPM protein1gzm
CDDcd00637
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary
PDB1U19 2R4R 2R4S 2RH1 1f88, 1hzx, 1l9h, 2g87, 2hpy, 2i35, 2i36, 2i37, 2j4y, 2ped

Rhodopsin-like receptors are a family of proteins that comprise the largest group of G protein-coupled receptors.[2]

Scope

G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs, constitute a vast protein family that encompasses a wide range of functions (including various autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine processes). They show considerable diversity at the sequence level, on the basis of which they can be separated into distinct groups. GPCRs are usually described as "superfamily" because they embrace a group of families for which there are indications of evolutionary relationship, but between which there is no statistically significant similarity in sequence.[2] The currently known superfamily members include the rhodopsin-like GPCRs (this family), the secretin-like GPCRs, the cAMP receptors, the fungal mating pheromone receptors, and the metabotropic glutamate receptor family. There is a specialised database for GPCRs.[3]

Function

The rhodopsin-like GPCRs themselves represent a widespread protein family that includes hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter, and light receptors, all of which transduce extracellular signals through interaction with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. Although their activating ligands vary widely in structure and character, the amino acid sequences of the receptors are very similar and are believed to adopt a common structural framework comprising 7 transmembrane (TM) helices.[4][5][6]

Classes

Rhodopsin-like GPCRs have been classified into the following 19 subgroups (A1-A19) based on a phylogenetic analysis.[7]

Subfamily A1

Subfamily A2

Subfamily A3

Subfamily A4

Subfamily A5

Subfamily A6

Subfamily A7

Subfamily A8

Subfamily A9

Subfamily A10

Subfamily A11

Subfamily A12

Subfamily A13

Subfamily A14

Subfamily A15

Subfamily A16

Subfamily A17

Subfamily A18

Subfamily A19

Unclassified

References

  1. ^ Palczewski K, Kumasaka T, Hori T, et al. (August 2000). "Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor". Science. 289 (5480): 739–45. Bibcode:2000Sci...289..739P. doi:10.1126/science.289.5480.739. PMID 10926528.
  2. ^ a b Attwood TK, Findlay JB (1994). "Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors". Protein Eng. 7 (2): 195–203. doi:10.1093/protein/7.2.195. PMID 8170923.
  3. ^ "Information system for G protein-coupled receptors". GPCRDB. www.gpcr.org. Archived from the original on 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  4. ^ Birnbaumer L (1990). "G proteins in signal transduction". Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 30: 675–705. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.30.040190.003331. PMID 2111655.
  5. ^ Gilman AG, Casey PJ (1988). "G protein involvement in receptor-effector coupling". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (6): 2577–2580. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69103-3. PMID 2830256.
  6. ^ Attwood TK, Findlay JB (1993). "Design of a discriminating fingerprint for G-protein-coupled receptors". Protein Eng. 6 (2): 167–176. doi:10.1093/protein/6.2.167. PMID 8386361.
  7. ^ Joost P, Methner A (2002). "Phylogenetic analysis of 277 human G-protein-coupled receptors as a tool for the prediction of orphan receptor ligands". Genome Biol. 3 (11): research0063.1–0063.16. doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-research0063. PMC 133447. PMID 12429062.
  8. ^ Terakita A (2005). "The opsins". Genome Biol. 6 (3): 213. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213. PMC 1088937. PMID 15774036.
  9. ^ a b Nordström KJ, Sällman Almén M, Edstam MM, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB (September 2011). "Independent HHsearch, Needleman—Wunsch-based, and motif analyses reveal the overall hierarchy for most of the G protein-coupled receptor families". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (9): 2471–80. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr061. PMID 21402729.