Bromocriptine

In this article we will delve into Bromocriptine, a topic of great relevance and interest today. Along these lines we will explore different aspects related to Bromocriptine, with the aim of offering a deep and complete understanding of it. From its origins to its impact on today's society, to its evolution over time, we will analyze every facet of Bromocriptine to provide our readers with an enriching and constantly evolving perspective. Through a detailed and multidisciplinary approach, we aim to offer a holistic vision that allows us to fully understand the importance and significance of Bromocriptine in the present context.

Bromocriptine
Clinical data
Trade namesOriginally Parlodel, subsequently many[1]
Other names2-Bromoergocriptine; CB-154
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph, International Drug Names
MedlinePlusa682079
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: A
Routes of
administration		By mouth, vaginal, intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability28% of oral dose absorbed
MetabolismExtensively liver-mediated
Elimination half-life12–14 hours
Excretion85% bile (feces), 2.5–5.5% urine
Identifiers
  • (5′α)-2-Bromo-12′-hydroxy-5′-(2-methylpropyl)-3′,6′,18-trioxo-2′-(propan-2-yl)ergotaman
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.042.829 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC32H40BrN5O5
Molar mass654.606 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • BrC1=C(C2N(C)C3)C4=C(C=CC=C4C2=C3C(N5(C(C)C)O6(N((CC(C)C)C(N7CCC76)=O)C5=O)O)=O)N1
  • InChI=1S/C32H40BrN5O5/c1-16(2)12-24-29(40)37-11-7-10-25(37)32(42)38(24)30(41)31(43-32,17(3)4)35-28(39)18-13-20-19-8-6-9-22-26(19)21(27(33)34-22)14-23(20)36(5)15-18/h6,8-9,13,16-18,23-25,34,42H,7,10-12,14-15H2,1-5H3,(H,35,39)/t18-,23-,24+,25+,31-,32+/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:OZVBMTJYIDMWIL-AYFBDAFISA-N checkY
  (verify)

Bromocriptine, originally marketed as Parlodel and subsequently under many brand names,[1] is an ergoline derivative and dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease, hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and, as an adjunct, type 2 diabetes.

It was patented in 1968 and approved for medical use in 1975.[2]

Medical uses

Bromocriptine is used to treat acromegaly and conditions associated with hyperprolactinemia like amenorrhea, infertility, hypogonadism, and prolactin-secreting adenomas. It is also used to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome[3][4][5] and to treat Parkinson's disease.[3]

Since the late 1980s it has been used, off-label, to reduce the symptoms of cocaine withdrawal but the evidence for this use is poor.[6] Bromocriptine has been successfully used in cases of galactorrhea precipitated by dopamine antagonists like risperidone.

A quick-release formulation of bromocriptine, Cycloset, is also used to treat type 2 diabetes.[7][8][9] When administered within 2 hours of awakening, it increases hypothalamic dopamine level. That results to a significant weight loss as well as decreases in blood glucose levels, hepatic glucose production, and insulin resistance.[10] It therefore acts as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.[10][11]

Side effects

Most frequent side effects are nausea, orthostatic hypotension, headaches, and vomiting through stimulation of the brainstem vomiting centre.[12] Vasospasms with serious consequences such as myocardial infarction and stroke that have been reported in connection with the puerperium, appear to be extremely rare events.[13] Peripheral vasospasm (of the fingers or toes) can cause Raynaud's phenomenon.

Bromocriptine use has been anecdotally associated with causing or worsening psychotic symptoms (its mechanism is in opposition of most antipsychotics, whose mechanisms generally block dopamine receptors).[14] It should be understood, however, that the greater affinity bromocriptine and many similar antiparkinson's drugs have for the D2S receptor form (considered to be mostly present at inhibitory D2 autoreceptor locatations)[15] relative to the D2L form, sufficiently low partial agonist activity (ie where a molecule binding to a receptor induces limited effects while preventing a stronger ligand like dopamine from binding), and, possibly, the functional selectivity of a particular drug may generate antidopaminergic effects that are more similar than oppositional in nature to antipsychotics.

Pulmonary fibrosis has been reported when bromocriptine was used in high doses for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[16]

Use to suppress milk production after childbirth was reviewed in 2014 and it was concluded that in this context a causal association with serious cardiovascular, neurological or psychiatric events could not be excluded with an overall incidence estimated to range between 0.005% and 0.04%. Additional safety precautions and stricter prescribing rules were suggested based on the data.[17][18] It is a bile salt export pump inhibitor.[19]

After long-term use of dopamine agonists, a withdrawal syndrome may occur during dose reduction or discontinuation with the following possible side effects: anxiety, panic attacks, dysphoria, depression, agitation, irritability, suicidal ideation, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, generalized pain, and drug cravings. For some individuals, these withdrawal symptoms are short-lived and they make a full recovery, for others a protracted withdrawal syndrome may occur with withdrawal symptoms persisting for months or years.[20]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Bromocriptine in a dopamine receptor bound conformation.

Bromocriptine is a partial agonist of the dopamine D2 receptor.[21][22][23] It also interacts with other dopamine receptors and with various serotonin and adrenergic receptors.[21][22][24] Bromocriptine has additionally been found to inhibit the release of glutamate by reversing the GLT1 glutamate transporter.[25]

Despite acting as a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist, bromocriptine is described as non-hallucinogenic.[26]

As a silent antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor,[24] bromocriptine has been said not to pose a risk of cardiac valvulopathy.[27] This is in contrast to other ergolines acting instead as 5-HT2B receptor agonists such as cabergoline and pergolide but is similar to lisuride which likewise acts as a 5-HT2B receptor antagonist.[27] However, in other research, bromocriptine has subsequently been found to be a partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor and has been associated with cardiac valvulopathy and related complications.[28][29][30][31] In any case, bromocriptine seems to have lower risk than certain other drugs.[28]

Activities of bromocriptine at various sites[21][22][24][32]
Site Affinity (Ki ) Efficacy (Emax ) Action
D1 692 ? ?
D2S 5.0 41 Partial agonist
D2L 15 28 Partial agonist
D3 6.8 68 Partial agonist
D4 372 0 Silent antagonist
D5 537 ? ?
5-HT1A 13 72 Partial agonist
5-HT1B 355 66 Partial agonist
5-HT1D 11 86 Partial agonist
5-HT2A 107 69 Partial agonist
5-HT2B 56 ? Partial agonist
5-HT2C 741 79 Partial agonist
5-HT6 33 ? ?
5-HT7 11–126 ? ?
α1A 4.2 0 Silent antagonist
α1B 1.4 ? ?
α1D 1.1 ? ?
α2A 11 0 Silent antagonist
α2B 35 0 Silent antagonist
α2C 28 0 Silent antagonist
α2D 68 ? ?
β1 589 ? ?
β2 741 ? ?
H1 >10,000 – –
M1 >10,000 – –
Notes: All receptors are human except α2D-adrenergic, which is rat (no human counterpart), and 5-HT7, which is rat/mouse.[21][32]

Chemistry

Like all ergopeptides, bromocriptine is a cyclol; two peptide groups of its tripeptide moiety are crosslinked, forming the >N-C(OH)< juncture between the two rings with the amide functionality.

Bromocriptine is a semisynthetic derivative of a natural ergot alkaloid, ergocryptine (a derivative of lysergic acid), which is synthesized by bromination of ergocryptine using N-bromosuccinimide.[33][34]

History

Bromocriptine was discovered by scientists at Sandoz in 1965 and was first published in 1968; it was first marketed under the brand name Parlodel.[35][36]

A quick-release formulation of bromocriptine was approved by the FDA in 2009.[37]

Society and culture

Brand names

As of July 2017, bromocriptine was marketed under many brand names worldwide, including Abergin, Barlolin, Brameston, Brocriptin, Brom, Broma-Del, Bromergocryptine, Bromergon, Bromicon, Bromocorn, Bromocriptin, Bromocriptina, Bromocriptine, Bromocriptine mesilate, Bromocriptine mesylate, Bromocriptine methanesulfonate, Bromocriptini mesilas, Bromocriptinmesilat, Bromodel, Bromokriptin, Bromolac, Bromotine, Bromtine, Brotin, Butin, Corpadel, Cripsa, Criptine, Criten, Cycloset, Degala, Demil, Deparo, Deprolac, Diacriptin, Dopagon, Erenant, Grifocriptina, Gynodel, kirim, Kriptonal, Lactodel, Medocriptine, Melen, Padoparine, Palolactin, Parlodel, Pravidel, Proctinal, Ronalin, Semi-Brom, Serocriptin, Serocryptin, Suplac, Syntocriptine, Umprel, Unew, Updopa, Upnol B, and Volbro.[1]

As of July 2017 it was also marketed as a combination drug with metformin as Diacriptin-M, and as a veterinary drug under the brand Pseudogravin.[1]

References

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  4. ^ Molitch ME (February 2017). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review". JAMA. 317 (5): 516–524. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19699. PMID 28170483. S2CID 205077946.
  5. ^ Tang H, Mourad SM, Wang A, Zhai SD, Hart RJ (14 Apr 2021). "Dopamine agonists for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (4): CD008605. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008605.pub4. PMC 8092425. PMID 33851429.
  6. ^ Minozzi S, Amato L, Pani PP, Solimini R, Vecchi S, De Crescenzo F, et al. (May 2015). "Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (5): CD003352. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003352.pub4. PMC 6999795. PMID 26014366.
  7. ^ "Bromocriptine mesylate tablet label" (PDF). FDA. February 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-13.. For label updates see FDA index page for NDA 020866 Archived 2017-06-28 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Garber AJ, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Handelsman Y, Dagogo-Jack S (2013). "The role of bromocriptine-QR in the management of type 2 diabetes expert panel recommendations". Endocrine Practice. 19 (1): 100–6. doi:10.4158/EP12325.OR. PMID 23337160.
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  26. ^ Gumpper RH, Roth BL (January 2024). "Psychedelics: preclinical insights provide directions for future research". Neuropsychopharmacology. 49 (1): 119–127. doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01567-7. PMC 10700551. PMID 36932180.
  27. ^ a b Cavero I, Guillon JM (2014). "Safety Pharmacology assessment of drugs with biased 5-HT(2B) receptor agonism mediating cardiac valvulopathy". J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 69 (2): 150–61. doi:10.1016/j.vascn.2013.12.004. PMID 24361689.
  28. ^ a b Samson SL, Ezzat S (June 2014). "AACE/ACE Disease State Clinical Review: Dopamine Agonists for Hyperprolactinemia and the Risk of Cardiac Valve Disease". Endocr Pract. 20 (6): 608–616. doi:10.4158/EP14148.RA. PMID 24969114. Bromocriptine was first described as a 5HT-2BR antagonist (22) but was subsequently found to have partial agonist properties (23,24). Regarding bromocriptine, there was no increased incidence of valve regurgitation in PD patients on bromocriptine in the population-based study of Schade et al (33), despite the significant findings for cabergoline and pergolide. However, there is a case report implicating high doses of bromocriptine as the cause of triple valve disease in a PD patient (37), and 1 study reported a significant correlation between cumulative dose of bromocriptine and the risk of valve regurgitation in a PD cohort (38). Other publications have reported fibrotic events, including retroperitoneal, pericardial and pleural fibrosis, in PD patients on high-dose bromocriptine (39-43). Although there seems to be a lower risk of valvulopathy with bromocriptine, as a partial 5HT-2BR agonist, there still appears to be some risk with high-dose bromocriptine in PD patients.
  29. ^ Elenkova A, Shabani R, Kalinov K, Zacharieva S (July 2012). "Increased prevalence of subclinical cardiac valve fibrosis in patients with prolactinomas on long-term bromocriptine and cabergoline treatment". Eur J Endocrinol. 167 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0121. PMID 22511808.
  30. ^ Boguszewski CL, dos Santos CM, Sakamoto KS, Marini LC, de Souza AM, Azevedo M (March 2012). "A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine on the risk of valvular heart disease in patients with prolactinomas". Pituitary. 15 (1): 44–49. doi:10.1007/s11102-011-0339-7. PMID 21847572.
  31. ^ Tan LC, Ng KK, Au WL, Lee RK, Chan YH, Tan NC (February 2009). "Bromocriptine use and the risk of valvular heart disease". Mov Disord. 24 (3): 344–349. doi:10.1002/mds.22228. PMID 18989898.
  32. ^ a b National Institute of Mental Health. PDSP Ki Database (Internet). ChapelHill (NC): University of North Carolina. Available from: "PDSP Database - UNC". Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  33. ^ US 3752814, Fluckiger E, Hofmann A, "2-Bromo-alpha-ergocryptine", issued 14 August 1973, assigned to Sandoz AG 
  34. ^ DE 1926045A1, Hofmann A, Flueckiger E, Troxler F, "Verfahren zur Herstellung einer neuen heterocyclischen Verbindung ", issued 21 September, assigned to Sandoz AG 
  35. ^ Sneader W, Corey EJ (2005). Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 352. ISBN 9780471899792.
  36. ^ Beekman AM, Barrow RA (2014). "Fungal Metabolites as Pharmaceuticals". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 67 (6): 827. doi:10.1071/CH13639.
  37. ^ Holt RI, Barnett AH, Bailey CJ (December 2010). "Bromocriptine: old drug, new formulation and new indication". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 12 (12): 1048–57. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01304.x. PMID 20977575. S2CID 22908831.