Voiced labiodental fricative
In today's world, Voiced labiodental fricative has gained great importance and interest, generating numerous discussions and research in different areas. Since its emergence, Voiced labiodental fricative has significantly impacted society, the economy, culture and science, among other aspects. Over the years, Voiced labiodental fricative has evolved and adapted to the different needs and demands of the current context, playing a crucial role in the development and transformation of various sectors. This is why it is relevant to thoroughly analyze and understand the impact and scope of Voiced labiodental fricative today, as well as its future implications.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2010) |
| Voiced labiodental fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| v | |||
| IPA number | 129 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | v | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0076 | ||
| X-SAMPA | v | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.
The sound is similar to voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers[citation needed] but is a fairly uncommon sound cross-linguistically, occurring in approximately 21.1% of languages.[1] Moreover, most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia, although the similar labiodental approximant /ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of and absence of , is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia.[citation needed] Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound may pronounce it as (Korean and Japanese), or / (Cantonese and Mandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs.[citation needed]
In certain languages, such as Danish,[2] Faroese,[3] Icelandic or Norwegian[4] the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant.
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | европа | 'Europe' | See Abkhaz phonology | ||
| Afrikaans | wees | 'to be' | See Afrikaans phonology | ||
| Albanian | valixhe | 'case' | |||
| Arabic | Algerian[5] | كاڥي | 'ataxy' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Hejazi | فيروس | 'virus' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as by many speakers. | ||
| Siirt[5] | ذهب | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[6] | վեց | ⓘ | 'six' | |
| Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐ ctava | 'book' | Only in the Urmia dialects. [ʋ] is also predominantly used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | ||
| Bai | Dali | ? | 'fish' | ||
| Bulgarian | вода | 'water' | See Bulgarian phonology | ||
| Catalan | Alguerese[7] | vell | 'old' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Balearic[8][7] | |||||
| Southern Catalonia[9] | |||||
| Valencian[9][7] | |||||
| Chechen | вашa / vaşa | 'brother' | |||
| Chinese | Wu | 饭 | 'cooked rice' | ||
| Sichuanese | 五 | 'five' | Corresponds to /w/ in standard Mandarin. | ||
| Czech | voda | 'water' | See Czech phonology | ||
| Danish | Standard[10] | véd | 'know(s)' | Most often an approximant [ʋ].[2] See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | All dialects | wraak | 'revenge' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before /r/. See Dutch phonology | |
| Most dialects | vreemd | 'strange' | Often devoiced to [f] by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | ||
| Standard[11] | |||||
| English | All dialects | valve | ⓘ[citation needed] | 'valve' | See English phonology |
| African American[12] | breathe | 'breathe' | Does not occur word-initially. See th-fronting | ||
| Cockney[13] | |||||
| Esperanto | vundo | 'wound' | See Esperanto phonology | ||
| Ewe[14] | evlo | 'he is evil' | |||
| Faroese[3] | veður | 'speech' | Word-initial allophone of /v/, in free variation with an approximant [ʋ].[3] See Faroese phonology | ||
| French[15] | valve | 'valve' | See French phonology | ||
| Georgian[16] | ვიწრო | 'narrow' | |||
| German | Wächter | 'guard' | See Standard German phonology | ||
| Greek | βερνίκι verníki | 'varnish' | See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hebrew | גב | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| Hindi[17] | व्रत | 'fast' | See Hindustani phonology | ||
| Hmong | 𖬖𖬰𖬜 / vaj | 'king', 'vang clan last name' | |||
| Hungarian | veszély | 'danger' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Irish | bhaile | 'home' | See Irish phonology | ||
| Italian[18] | avare | 'miserly' (f. pl.) | See Italian phonology | ||
| Judaeo-Spanish | mueve | 'nine' | |||
| Kabardian | вагъуэ / vağue / ۋاغوە | ⓘ | 'star' | Corresponds to in Adyghe | |
| Macedonian | вода | 'water' | See Macedonian phonology | ||
| Maltese | iva | 'yes' | |||
| Norwegian | Urban East[4] | venn | 'friend' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before a pause and in emphatic speech.[4] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Occitan | Auvergnat | vol | 'flight' | See Occitan phonology | |
| Limousin | |||||
| Provençal | |||||
| Persian | Western | ورزش | 'sport' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish[19] | wór | ⓘ | 'bag' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[20] | vila | 'town' | See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Romanian | val | 'wave' | See Romanian phonology | ||
| Russian[21][22] | волосы | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form; may be an approximant [ʋ] instead.[22] See Russian phonology | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | a-bhos | 'over here' | Loosely articulated, can resemble [β]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | voda | 'water' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| Slovak[23] | vzrast | 'height' | Appears only in syllable onset before voiced obstruents; the usual realization of /v/ is an approximant [ʋ].[23] See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene[24] | Standard | filozof gre | 'philosopher goes' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants.[24] See Slovene phonology | |
| Some dialects | voda | 'water' | Instead of /ʋ/. See Slovene phonology | ||
| Spanish[25][26] | afgano | 'Afghan' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swedish | vägg | 'wall' | See Swedish phonology | ||
| Turkish[27] | vade | 'due date' | The main allophone of /v/; realized as bilabial in certain contexts.[27] See Turkish phonology | ||
| Tyap | vak | 'road' | |||
| Urdu | ورزش | ‘exercise’ | See Hindustani phonology | ||
| Vietnamese[28] | và | 'and' | In southern dialects, is in free variation with . See Vietnamese phonology | ||
| West Frisian | weevje | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology | ||
| Welsh | fi | 'I' | See Welsh phonology | ||
| Yi | ꃶ/vu | 'intestines' | |||
See also
Notes
- ^ "UPSID Segment Frequency". Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:66)
- ^ a b c Árnason (2011:115)
- ^ a b c Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ^ a b Watson (2002:15)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ^ a b c "La /v/ labiodental" (PDF). IEC. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ a b Wheeler (2002:13)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:62)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ McWhorter (2001), pp. 148.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 328.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Pierrehumbert, Janet; Nair, Rami (1996), Laks, Bernard (ed.), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods) (PDF), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-13, retrieved 2010-10-19
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- ^ a b Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ a b Herrity (2000:16)
- ^ "Tema 2 Fonética y Fonología. La descripción de los sonidos" (PDF), uclm.es (in Spanish), archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-07
- ^ "Consonantes oclusivas", plaza.ufl.edu, retrieved 2024-07-20
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6))
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
References
- Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314.
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Herrity, Peter (2000), Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415231485
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
