Mid back rounded vowel

Mid back rounded vowel
o̞
ɔ̝
IPA Number	307 430
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	o​̞
Unicode (hex)	U+006F U+031E
Braille

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ
IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid and open-mid , it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. There was an alternative IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ꭥ⟩. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.

Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel. Tukang Besi is a language in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a close-mid . Taba, another language in Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, has an open-mid . In both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.

Kensiu, in Malaysia and Thailand, is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without any difference in other parameters, such as backness or roundedness.

Features

• Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
• Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Notes

1. ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".
2. ^ Abdoh (2010:84)
3. ^ a b Ternes (1992), p. 433.
4. ^ Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
5. ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
6. ^ a b Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
7. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–230.
8. ^ a b Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
9. ^ a b Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
10. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
11. ^ Peters (2010), p. 241.
12. ^ Lass (2002), p. 116.
13. ^ a b Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 617.
14. ^ Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008), pp. 21–22.
15. ^ Watson (2007), p. 357.
16. ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
17. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 487.
18. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 180.
19. ^ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
20. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
21. ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
22. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 226.
23. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
24. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 64.
25. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
26. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
27. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
28. ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
29. ^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
30. ^ Urua (2004), p. 106.
31. ^ Brodersen (2011).
32. ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 57–60.
33. ^ a b Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
34. ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.
35. ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.
36. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
37. ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
38. ^ a b Peters (2006), p. 119.
39. ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
40. ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
41. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
42. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
43. ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), p. 56.
44. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 4.
45. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
46. ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
47. ^ a b Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
48. ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.
49. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
50. ^ Tench (2007), p. 230.
51. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
52. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
53. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.

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External links

• List of languages with on PHOIBLE
• List of languages with on PHOIBLE

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)
IPA International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Special topics Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects Encodings ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille
Consonants Pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ ʔ̞ Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̥ 𝼈 ʎ̆ ʟ̆ IPA help  audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Non-pulmonic consonants BL LD D A PA RF P V U EG Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) Tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k𝼊 q𝼊 kǂ qǂ Voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 ɡǂ ɢǂ Nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ   Tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ Voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ Nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ IPA help  audio full chart template Co-articulated consonants Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡pd͡b Labial–alveolar k͡pɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ɥ Labial–palatal ʍw Labial–velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar IPA help full chart template Other Nasal labial–velar approximant Nasal palatal approximant Voiceless bidental fricative Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
Vowels Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded