Mày language
In this article we are going to talk about Mày language and its impact on modern society. Mày language is a topic of great relevance today and has generated constant debate in various spheres. Since its appearance, Mày language has sparked the interest of experts and fans alike, generating endless opinions and theories that seek to give it meaning and understanding. Over the years, Mày language has been the subject of studies, research and analysis that seek to decipher its true meaning and the implications it has on everyday life. In this article we will explore different perspectives on Mày language and its role in the contemporary world, analyzing its many facets and how it has shaped the reality in which we live.
| Mày | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Ethnicity | May |
Native speakers | 600 (2013)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | mayy1239 |
| ELP | May |
Mày is a Vietic language spoken by the May people of Minh Hóa district, Quảng Bình province, Central Vietnam. It is a member of the Cheut language cluster, which belongs to the Vietic branch of the Austroasiatic family. With only several hundred speakers, May is a critically endangered language,[2] with only about half of the estimated ethnic population of 1,228 people able to speak the language.[3]
Distribution
May is spoken in the villages of Ca Oóc, Bai Dinh, and Cha Lo.[4] The villages are located in Minh Hóa district, Quang Binh province (in the communities or xã of Dân Hóa (formerly Trung Hóa), Thượng Hóa, Hóa Tiến, and Hóa Thanh). Dân Hóa is the only monolingual May village, while the others are mixed with various other ethnic groups.
Phonology
May phonology preserves many archaic features. Syllable structure is sesquisyllabic. Unique phonological characteristics in May include the coda -ɽ, derived from proto-Vietic *-s, which stands behind a consonant nucleus, in contrast to final -l/-h/-i̯ found in most other Vietic languages.[5]
May Consonants (Babaev & Samarina 2021):
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveopalatal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
| semi-vowel | i̯~i̯̥ | u̯ | ||||||
| Trilled/Flap | ɽ | |||||||
| Occlusive | plain | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||||
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ʂ | ɕ | h | ||||
| voiced | β | ʑ | ɣ | |||||
May vowels (Babaev & Samarina 2021):
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | long | i | ɯ | u |
| short | ǐ | ɯ̌ | ǔ | |
| Close-mid | long | e | ɤ | o |
| short | ě | ɤ̌ | ǒ | |
| Middle | long | ɛ | ɔ | |
| short | ɛ̌ | ɔ̌ | ||
| Open | long | a | ||
| short | ǎ | |||
| Diphthongs | ||||
In "di-syllables" or sesquisyllables, the accent is rising; the first syllable/mora is a minor one and has its vowel length reduced while the second syllable is always the strong and stressed syllable.
| gloss | May | (orthographic) Vietnamese | (IPA) Vietnamese |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nouns | |||
| deer | kaɗi1 | nai | nai̯1 |
| chicken | taka1 | gà | ɣa2 |
| sunlight | kaɽaŋ1 | nắng | năŋ5 |
| farbic | kupal3 | vải | vai̯3 |
| sickle | muɽa̤4 | rựa | zɯɤ6 |
| bitter melon | muɽaʔ3 | mướp | mɨəp5 |
| yeast | tama̤4 | – | – |
| ancient time | tane1 | – | – |
| king | tapuo1 | vua | vuɤ1 |
| Transitive verbs | |||
| to lead/guide | haʑɛt3 | dắt | zăt5 |
| to owe | panɯ4 | nợ | nɤ6 |
| to put | patɤ̆t4 | đặt | ɗăt6 |
| to pickle, marinate | taɓɔi̯3 | muối | muɤi̯5 |
| to lull | kaɽu1 | ru | zu1 |
| Intransitive verbs | |||
| to dance | kumɤ3 | múa | muɤ5 |
| to rise | paleŋ1 | lên | len1 |
| to cross | paŋaŋ1 | ngang | ŋaŋ1 |
Morphology
Pronouns
May pronouns often have shorter forms without ʔa. They are syntactically distinct. The full forms occupy the Subject/Agent role in transitive verb phrase that is located at the absolute beginning of the phrase and the direct object role after a transitive verb. The shorter forms are used to denote possessive constructions and pronominal dative/benefactive objects.
| Singular | Dual | Plural | General | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exclusive | Inclusive | Exclusive | Inclusive | |||
| 1st person | ho | ɲal | tɛ | pa, tupa | meŋ, miŋ | |
| 2nd person | mi | mal | pani | |||
| 3rd person | hăn | ɽɛ̤m | pa | |||
Word derivation and syntactic functions
May has a limited inventory of affixes and clitics. Some morpheme clitics may host multiple functions that could only be distinguished by context.
- Transitivizing pa-
- Nominalizing pV-, ʔa-, ʔu-, -Vn-, kV-, tV-, cV-
- Stativizing ta-
- Pluralizing pa=
- Singular mu=, m̤=, ma=
- Dative-Oblique pa=
- Negation ku=
- Imperative/Causative ci=
Syntax
As an isolating language, May can only utilize word order and particles. The use of clitics and affixes is generally limited and does not undermine the analytical grammar structure. The basic word order of May is SVO. The basic word order in a verbal clause is S-V-P-OBL. Depending on speeches, the word order may undergo ellipsis in cases that the speech is comprehensive enough to the listener.
Pu1
grandfather
ho1
1SG
acit3
to.kill
klu1
buffalo
"My grandfather killed buffalo."
Pʰaʝ
must
li
take
cɤ
BEN
pa=ho
OBL=1SG
hal
two
poŋ
CLF
päɽ
flower
ʔaliŋ
top
kɤ̌i
tree
heh
DIST
"Pick for me two flowers from that tree."
Notes
- ^ Babaev & Samarina (2021:15)
- ^ Babaev & Samarina (2021:19)
- ^ Babaev & Samarina (2021:15)
- ^ Babaev, Kirill Vladimirovich ; Samarina, Irina Vladimirovna . 2019. Язык май. Материалы Российско-вьетнамской лингвистической экспедиции / Jazyk maj. Materialy Rossijsko-vetnamskoj lingvisticheskoj ekspeditsii. Moscow: Издательский Дом ЯСК. ISBN 978-5-907117-34-1. (in Russian). p.16.
- ^ Babaev & Samarina (2021:18-19)
References
- Babaev, Kirill; Samarina, Irina (2021). Sidwell, Paul (ed.). A Grammar of May: An Austroasiatic Language of Vietnam. Brill. ISBN 978-9-00446-108-6.
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