Brokskat
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| Brokskat | |
|---|---|
| Minaro, Kyango, Dardi | |
| འབྲོག་སྐད་ بروکسکت | |
| Native to | India, Pakistan |
| Region | Ladakh, Baltistan |
| Ethnicity | Brokpa (Minaro, Makhano) |
Native speakers | about 11,500 (2023)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Tibetan script, Nastaliq script[2] https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bkk/ | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bkk |
| Glottolog | brok1247 |
| ELP | Brokskat |
Brokskat (Tibetan: འབྲོག་སྐད་, Wylie: ’brog skad)[3] or Minaro[4] is an endangered Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Brokpa people in the lower Indus Valley of Ladakh and Baltistan.[1][5] It is the oldest surviving member of the ancient Dardic language.[6] It is considered a divergent variety of Shina,[7] but it is not mutually intelligible with the other dialects of Shina.[8] Brokskat is spoken by 10,000 people in Ladakh and 3,750 people in the adjoining Baltistan, part of Pakistan-administered Kashmir.[9]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | kʷ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | |||||
| voiced | d͡z | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | z | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
Vowels
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | ||
| Close | /i/ | /y/ | /u/ |
| Mid | /e/ | /ø/ | /o/ |
| Open | /ɒ/ | ||
Etymology
Exonym
The term Brokskat translates to "the language of the Brokpa" in the Tibetic language. The name "Brokpa" is used by Ladakhi and Balti Tibetic origin people to refer to this ethnic group. Brokpa means "hill-dweller" or "hillbilly," reflecting their historical lifestyle as hunters in the upper mountainous regions.
Endonym
The Brokpa themselves refer to their language as "Brokskat" and identify their ethnic group by the Dardic Minaro & Makhano. Interestingly, their ancient religion is known as "Minaro".
Vocabulary
| English | Brokskat in Roman script | Brokskat in Bodyig script | Brokskat in Nastaliq script |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water | wa | ཝུའ་ | وا |
| Fire | ghur | གཱུར | غُور |
| Sun | Suri | སུརིའ་ | سُوری |
| Moon | gyun | གྱུན | گُیون |
| Mountain | chur | ཆུར | چُھور |
| Human | mush | མུཤ | مُوش |
| Land | bun | བུན | بُون |
| Boy | byo | བྱོ | بیو |
| Girl | molay | མོལེའ་ | مولئی |
| Baby | bubu | བུའབུའ | بُوبُو |
| Knife | Qattar | ཀཊའར | قَٹَر |
Verb tenses
| English | Brokskat-present tense | Brokskat-past tense | Broskat-future tense | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| To go | byas | go | byungs | boyai |
| To stand | autheis | authait | authiyungs | authi |
| To break | phitais | phitaiat | phitiaungs | phitai |
| To open | aunis | auniat | auniungs | auni |
| To laugh | hazis | hazit | haziungs | hazi |
| To sit | bazhais | bazhit | bazhiungs | bazhi |
| To walk | zazis | zazit | zaziungs | zazi |
| To throw | faitis | faitiat | fatiungs | fati |
| To look | skis | skait | skiungs | ski |
| To cut | chhinis | chinait | chhiniungs | chhini |
| To count | gyanis | gyaniat | gyaniungs | gyani |
References
- ^ a b Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 889. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
- ^ Brokskat-Urdu-Hindi-English Dictionary
- ^ Bray, John (2008). "Corvée transport labour in 19th and early 20th century Ladakh: a study in continuity and change". In Martijn van Beek; Fernanda Pirie (eds.). Modern Ladakh: Anthropological Perspectives on Continuity and Change. BRILL. p. 46. ISBN 978-90-474-4334-6.
- ^ Bhagabati, Dikshit Sarma (3 August 2018). "Onstage and Offstage". Economic and Political Weekly. 53 (31) – via academia.edu.
The mother tongue of the Brokpa is Minaro, an Indo–Aryan language, though their vocabulary heavily borrows from Ladakhi.
- ^ Ethnologue, 15th Edition, SIL International, 2005, p. 357 – via archive.org,
Minaro is an alternate ethnic name. "Brokpa" is the name given by the Ladakhi for the people. "Brokskat" is the language.
- ^ Ethnologue, 15th Edition, SIL International, 2005, p. 357 – via archive.org,
Brokskat' is the language. This is the oldest surviving member of the ancient Dardic language.
- ^ Ethnologue : languages of the world. Internet Archive. Dallas, Tex. : SIL International. 2005. ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6.
A very divergent variety of Shina
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
And is not mutually intelligible with the other shina language
- ^ "Brokskat Language (BKK) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use | Ethnologue Free". Ethnologue (Free All). Retrieved 1 April 2025.
 Languages of Jammu and Kashmir | |
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