Vute language

In this article we are going to talk about Vute language, a topic that has gained great relevance in recent years. Vute language is a topic that has aroused the interest of people of all ages and backgrounds, since it has a direct impact on today's society. Over the years, Vute language has generated debate and controversy among experts and fans, leading us to wonder what its true meaning is and what implications it has on our lives. In this article, we will explore Vute language in depth and try to shed light on this exciting and relevant topic today.

Vute
Native toCameroon
Native speakers
(21,000 cited 1997)[1]
Niger–Congo?
Language codes
ISO 639-3vut
Glottologvute1244

Vute is a Mambiloid language of Cameroon and Gabon, with a thousand speakers in Nigeria. The orthography was standardized on March 9, 1979.[2] Noted dialect clusters are eastern, central, and Doume.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants in Vute are numerous and include pulmonic and implosive airstreams. Labialization is phonemic in many consonants, some of which is dialectal.

Consonants of Vute[2][3]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Labial–
velar 		Glottal
plain lab.[a] plain lab.[a] plain lab.[a] plain lab. plain lab.[a]
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ mʷ ⟨mw⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ny⟩ ŋ ⟨ŋ⟩
Implosive ɓ ⟨ɓ⟩ ɓʷ ⟨ɓw⟩ ɗ ⟨ɗ⟩ ɗʷ ⟨ɗw⟩[b]
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ t͡ʃʷ ⟨cw⟩[c] k ⟨k⟩ kʷ ⟨kw⟩ k͡p ⟨kp⟩
voiced b[d]⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ d͡ʒʷ ⟨jw⟩[c] g[e]⟨g⟩ gʷ ⟨gw⟩ ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩
prenasalized ᵐb ⟨mb⟩ ⁿd ⟨nd⟩ ⁿdʷ ⟨ndw⟩[c] ⁿd͡ʒ ⟨nj⟩[f] ᵑg ⟨ŋg⟩ ᵑgʷ ⟨ŋgw⟩ ᵑᵐɡ͡b ⟨mgb⟩[f]
Fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩ fʷ ⟨fw⟩[b] s ⟨s⟩ sʷ ⟨sw⟩[c] h ⟨h⟩ hʷ ⟨hw⟩[g]
voiced v ⟨v⟩
prenasalized ᶬv ⟨mv⟩[f]
Rhotic (ɾ~r)[h]
Approximant l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
  1. ^ a b c d Only vowels /i/ /e/ /a/ may follow a labialized consonant.
  2. ^ a b Doume dialect only.
  3. ^ a b c d Doume and eastern dialects only.
  4. ^ becomes a fricative intervocalically. "they" -> "their"
  5. ^ becomes a fricative intervocalically. "to carry" -> "of leprosy"
  6. ^ a b c Low frequency[4]
  7. ^ Central dialects only
  8. ^ initially: "wall; intervocalically: "papaya'; finally: "oil palm tree"

Tones[2]

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There are more phonemic tones than are marked in orthography, such as mid-high rising tone and mid tone being both unmarked ⟨a⟩ for example. Phonologically conditioned downstep is unmarked.

Tone Category IPA Orthography Example Gloss
high tone ˦ á, áá tím blood
mid tone ˧ a, aa məb louse
low tone ˨ à, àà tɨ̀mnɨ to drown
mid-high ˧˥ a, aá tɨm antelope
low-high* ˩˥ à ɓùn grass
high-low ˥˩ â, áà bɨ̂ŋ round, complete
high-mid ˥˧ â, áa mîn good
high-low-high ˥˩˦ âá sîím rainy season

*Only in eastern dialects, on short vowels. All other dialects merge this class with low tone.

Vowels[2][3]

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Oral Nasal
Long Short Long Short
ii i i̧i̧ i̧
ee e ȩȩ ȩ
ɨɨ ɨ ɨ̧ɨ̧ ɨ̧
əə ə ə̧ə̧ ə̧
aa a a̧a̧ a̧
uu u u̧u̧ u̧
oo o o̧o̧ o̧
ɔɔ ɔ ɔ̧ɔ̧ ɔ̧
ei ȩi̧
ai a̧i̧
ɨi ɨ̧i̧
əi ə̧i̧
oi o̧i̧

References

  1. ^ Vute at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c d Thwing, Rhonda (2004) . "Vute Orthography Statement" (PDF). General Alphabet of Cameroonian Languages.
  3. ^ a b Thwing, Rhonda Ann (1987). The Vute Noun Phrase and the Relationship Between Vute and Bantu (Cameroon). Ann Arbor: UMI.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  4. ^ "PHOIBLE 2.0 -". phoible.org. Retrieved 2020-02-01.