Omaha–Ponca language

In this article, we will explore the impact of Omaha–Ponca language on contemporary society. Omaha–Ponca language has been the subject of numerous studies and discussions, generating conflicting opinions and passionate debates. Since its inception, Omaha–Ponca language has captured the attention of researchers, academics and professionals from various areas, becoming a topic of universal interest. In order to fully understand its influence, we will examine its origins, evolution and repercussions on different aspects of daily life. Likewise, we will analyze society's perceptions and attitudes towards Omaha–Ponca language, as well as its impact in the cultural, economic and political sphere. Through this exhaustive analysis, we aim to shed light on a topic that continues to be the subject of analysis and reflection today.

Omaha–Ponca
Umoⁿhoⁿ
Native toUnited States
RegionNebraska and Oklahoma
EthnicityOmaha, Ponca
Native speakers
85 (2008)[1]
Siouan
Dialects
  • Omaha
  • Ponca
Language codes
ISO 639-3oma
Glottologomah1247
ELPOmaha-Ponca
Map showing the distribution of Oklahoma Indian Languages
Omaha–Ponca is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
PeopleUmoⁿhoⁿ,
Páⁿka
LanguageIyé,
Gáxe
CountryUmoⁿhoⁿ Mazhóⁿ,
Páⁿka Mazhóⁿ

Omaha–Ponca is a Siouan language spoken by the Omaha (Umoⁿhoⁿ) people of Nebraska and the Ponca (Paⁿka) people of Oklahoma and Nebraska. The two dialects differ minimally but are considered distinct languages by their speakers.[2]

Use and revitalization efforts

As of 2008, there are only 50 fluent speakers of Omaha and 35 fluent speakers of Ponca. All fluent speakers are elderly.[1]

The University of Nebraska offers classes in the Omaha language, and its Omaha Language Curriculum Development Project (OLCDP) provides Internet-based materials for learning the language.[3][4][5][6] A February 2015 article gives the number of fluent speakers as 12, all over age 70, which includes two qualified teachers; the Tribal Council estimates about 150 people have some ability in the language. The language is taught at the Umónhon Nation Public School.[7] An Omaha Basic iPhone app has been developed by the Omaha Nation Public Schools (UNPS) and the Omaha Language Cultural Center (ULCC).[8] Members of the Osage Nation of Oklahoma have expressed an interest in partnerships to use the language as a basis of revitalizing the Osage language, which is similar.[7] Louis Headman edited a dictionary of the Ponca People, published by the University of Nebraska Press.[9]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Post-
alveolar 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive voiced b d dʒ ɡ
voiceless p t tʃ k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ
ejective pʼ tʼ
Fricative voiced z ʒ ɣ
voiceless s ʃ x
glottalized sʼ ʃʼ xʼ
Approximant w lᶞ h

Voiceless sounds /p, t, tʃ, k/ may also be heard as tense in free variation.

One consonant, sometimes written l or th, is a velarized lateral approximant with interdental release, , found for example in ní btháska "flat water" (Platte River), the source of the name Nebraska. It varies freely from to a light , and derives historically from Siouan *r.

Initial consonant clusters include approximates, as in /blᶞ/ and /ɡlᶞ/.

Consonants are written as in the IPA in school programs, apart from the alveopalatals j, ch, chʰ, zh, sh, shʼ, the glottal stop ’, the voiced velar fricative gh, and the dental approximant th. Historically, this th has also been written dh, ð, ¢, and the sh and x as c and q; the tenuis stops p t ch k have either been written upside-down or double (pp, kk, etc.). These latter unusual conventions serve to distinguish these sounds from the p t ch k of other Siouan languages, which are not specified for voicing and so may sound like either Omaha–Ponca p t ch k or b d j g. The letters f, l, q, r, v are not used in writing Omaha–Ponca.

Vowels

Front Back
High oral i u
nasal ĩ
Mid oral e
Low oral a (o)
nasal ã (õ)

The simple vowels are /a, e, i, u/, plus a few words with /o/ in men's speech. The letter ‘o’ is phonemically /au/, and phonetically .[10]

There are two or three nasal vowels, depending on the variety. In the Omaha and Ponca Dhegiha dialects *õ and *ã have merged unconditionally as /õ/, which may range across ~ ~ and is written ⟨oⁿ⟩ in Omaha and ⟨aⁿ⟩ in Ponca. The close front nasal vowel /ĩ/ remains distinct.

Nasalized vowels are fairly new to the Ponca language. Assimilation has taken place leftward, as opposed to right to left, from nasalized consonants over time. "Originally when the vowel was oral, it nasalized the consonant and a nasalized vowel never followed suit, instead, the nasalized vowel came to preceded it"; though this is not true for the Omaha, or its 'mother' language."[11]

Omaha–Ponca is a tonal language that utilizes downstep (accent) or a lowering process that applies to the second of two high-tone syllables. A downstepped high tone would be slightly lower than the preceding high tone.”: wathátʰe /walᶞaꜜtʰe/ "food", wáthatʰe /waꜜlᶞatʰe/ "table". Vowel length is distinctive in accented syllables, though it is often not written: "heart", "(inside) wall".[12]

Omaha–Ponca is a daughter language to the Siouan mother language but has developed some of its own rules for nasalization and aspiration. What were once allophones in Proto-Siouan have become phonemes in the Omaha–Ponca language.

Many contrasts in the Omaha–Ponca language are unfamiliar to speakers of English.[13] Below are examples of minimal pairs for some sounds which in English would be considered allophones, but in Omaha–Ponca constitute different phonemes:

Contrast Word Gloss Word Gloss
vs. head/nose bitter
vs. to go out to stand
vs. the ground during future early autumns

In many languages nasalization of vowels would be a part of assimilation to the next consonant, but Omaha–Ponca is different because it is always assimilating.[clarification needed] For example: iⁿdáthiⁿga, meaning mysterious, moves from a nasalized /i/ to an alveolar, stop. Same thing happens with the word iⁿshte, meaning, for example, has the nasalized /i/ which does not assimilate to another nasal. It changes completely to an alveolar fricative.

Morphology

The Omaha–Ponca language adds endings to its definite articles to indicate animacy, number, position and number. Ponca definite articles indicate animacy, position and number.[14]

morphological ending gloss meaning
-kʰe for inanimate horizontal object
-tʰe for inanimate standing object
-ðaⁿ for inanimate round object
akʰá for singular animate agent
-amá for singular animate agent in motion or plural
-tʰaⁿ for animate singular patient in standing position
ðiⁿ for animate singular patient in motion
-ma for animate plural patient in motion
-ðiⁿkʰé for animate singular patient in sitting position
-ðaⁿkʰá for animate plural patient in sitting position

Syntax

Omaha–Ponca's syntactic type is subject-object-verb.[15]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Omaha-Ponca". Endangered Languages Project. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  2. ^ Rudin & Shea (2006) "Omaha–Ponca", in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
  3. ^ Overmyer, Krystal (2003-12-13). "Omaha language classes keep culture alive". Canku Ota. Archived from the original on 2014-06-12. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  4. ^ Abourezk, Kevin (2011-10-09). "Woman travels 1,100 miles to learn Omaha language". The Lincoln Journal Star Online. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  5. ^ Florio, Gwen. "Culture-thief? Or help to tribe? Non-Native American Omaha language teacher stirs debate". The Buffalo Post. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  6. ^ "Omaha Language Curriculum Development Project". Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  7. ^ a b Peters, Chris (2015-02-15). "Omaha Tribe members trying to revitalize an 'endangered language'". Omaha.com: Living. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  8. ^ "Omaha Basic on the App Store on iTunes". iTunes Preview. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  9. ^ "Louis V. Headman to receive Honorary Doctorate at Bacone College Spring 2021 Commencement". Ponca City News. April 14, 2021. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021.
  10. ^ Bruce, Benjamin. "Ponca Alphabet Archived 2011-11-06 at the Wayback Machine." The Hello Oklahoma! Project. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.
  11. ^ Michaud, Alexis. "Historical Transfer of Nasality between Consonantal Onset and Vowel." Diachronica 2012th ser. 29.2 (2011): 1-34. Web. 26 Oct. 2011.
  12. ^ Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics. 5th ed. Blackwell, 2003. Print.
  13. ^ Omaha–Ponca Dictionary Index
  14. ^ Finegan, Edward, and John R. Rickford. Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print. (page 171)
  15. ^ Syntax

References

Omaha–Ponca language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator