Northern Pashto
In today's world, Northern Pashto has become a topic of great relevance and interest to many people in different fields. Whether in the scientific, cultural, social or personal sphere, Northern Pashto has generated a significant impact on the way we approach different aspects of daily life. Its influence extends globally, and its importance continues to constantly grow. In this article, we will explore in detail the role of Northern Pashto in our current society, examining its implications and repercussions in various contexts.
| Northern Pashto | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Pakistan, Afghanistan |
| Ethnicity | Pashtun |
| Speakers | L1: 23 million (2017)[1] L2: 1.4 million (2022)[1] |
| Pashto alphabet | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Pashto Academy of Pakistan[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pbu |
| Glottolog | nort2646 |
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| Part of a series on |
| Pashto language |
|---|
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| Dialects |
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Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Pashto Academy |
| Native to |
Northern Pashto (Pashto: شمالي پښتو) is a standard variety of the Pashto language spoken in the northern and central parts of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and central-eastern Afghanistan, comprising the Northwestern and Northeastern dialects of Pashto.[3]
North Eastern
Northeastern Pashto,[4] is spoken primarily in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Yusapzai
Yusufzai/Yusapzai Pashto is the most-spoken subdialect[5] in the Northeastern Dialect.
Comparison:
| Dialects[6] | ښ | ږ | څ | ځ | ژ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Eastern (e.g. Yusapzai) | |||||
| North Western (e.g Jalalabad) | |||||
| North Western (e.g. Wardak) |
Lexical Variation
Even within the Yusapzai dialect; regional lexical variation is noted; as pointed out by Dr. Muhammad Ali Kaleem:[7]
| Meaning | Mardan | Swat |
|---|---|---|
| Ring | ګتمه
gʊ́tma |
ګوتۍ
gwə́təi or Guta |
| Spinach | ساګ
sāg |
سابه
sābə́ |
| Cup | پيالۍ
pyālə́i |
پياله
pyālá |
| Puppy | کوتری
kutré or Spey |
کوکری
kukré |
Sub-regional lexical variation
Even with regions there can be minor differences in pronunciation. Example:
| Malakand District
|
Malakand District
|
Standard Pashto | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| فپه
fpa |
ښپه
xpa |
پښه
px̌a, pxa, pša, pṣ̌a |
foot |
North Western
The North Western is spoken in the east and northeast Afghanistan.[8]
Phonological Variation
There is regional difference in North Western Pashto in pronunciation of words:[9]
| Meaning | Wardak | Jalalabad | Bati Kot | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| دوی | they | deɪ | ˈduwi | ˈduwi |
| راکړه | give | ˈrɑka | ˈrɑka | ˈrɑkɽa |
| پوهېدل | to know | pijeˈdəl | pojeˈdəl | pojidəl |
| شپږ | six | ʃpaʝ | ʃpag | ʃpiʒ |
| وريځ | cloud | wərˈjed͡z | wrez | wəˈred͡z |
| ښځه | woman | ˈçəd͡za | ˈxəza | |
| اوبه | water | oˈbə | uˈbə | oˈbə |
References
- ^ a b Northern Pashto at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1976). Current Trends in Linguistics: Index. Walter de Gruyter. p. 705.
- ^ "Glottolog 4.3 - Northern Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410.
- ^ "Redirected". 19 November 2019.
- ^ Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.
- ^ Kaleem, Muhammad (2015). "Lexical Variation in Pashto: A Comparative Study Conducted in Mardan and Swat , in Pashto" (PDF). Pashto. 44 (650): 21–52. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021.
- ^ Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.
- ^ Coyle, Dennis Walter (2014). Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties (Master's thesis). University of North Dakota.
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