Qalunya

In today's world, Qalunya is a topic that covers a large number of aspects and is present in all areas of our lives. Whether in the workplace, social, cultural or personal sphere, Qalunya plays a fundamental role in our society. It is important to understand its implications and its impact on our lives, as well as the different perspectives that exist on Qalunya. In this article, we will explore the different facets of Qalunya and how it affects our daily lives.

Qalunya
قالونيا
Qaluniya, Colonia, Kolonia, Kulόnieh
Qalunya, before 1949
Qalunya, before 1949
Etymology: from the Latin Colonia[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Qalunya (click the buttons)
Qalunya is located in Mandatory Palestine
Qalunya
Qalunya
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°47′49″N 35°9′46″E / 31.79694°N 35.16278°E / 31.79694; 35.16278
Palestine grid165/133
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictJerusalem
Date of depopulationearly April, 1948,[4]
Area
[2]
 • Total
4,844 dunams (4.844 km2 or 1.870 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
900[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesMevaseret Zion

Qalunya (Arabic: قالونيا, also transliterated Qaluniya) was a Palestinian village located 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) west of Jerusalem.[5] Prior to the village's destruction in 1948, with the exception of 166 dunams, Qalunya's land was privately owned: 3,594 dunams were owned by Arabs, while 1,084 dunams were owned by Jews.[2][3]

Location

Qalunya stood on a mountain slope, facing southwest; Wadi Qalunya passed through its eastern edge. The village lay on the Jerusalem-Jaffa highway, and a dirt path linked it to its neighboring villages.[6] Qalunya was located where the Israelite and Jewish town of Motza was believed to have been. The Modern Motza is now an outlying neighborhood of Jerusalem, and ruins of demolished buildings from Qalunya are present near Motza, covered in vegetation, just off the main highway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. The town of Mevaseret Zion today is expanding upon some of the territory of former Qalunya.

History

Ancient history

Main articles: Motza and Tel Motza temple

Roman and Byzantine periods

Qalunya preserves the name of Colonia Amosa or Colonia Emmaus, a Roman colony established at the site of the Jewish village of Motza, which was destroyed during the First Jewish–Roman War.[6][7] After 71 CE, Emperor Vespasian settled 800 Roman soldiers in the town,[6] as part of a post-war policy of land confiscation and veteran settlement, which aimed to reward soldiers and establish a loyal population in the province.[7] The settlers came from throughout the Roman Empire, and "might have been, at least partially, of non-Semitic" origins.[8]

The word colonia produced the Byzantine-period Greek name, Koloneia, for the site. The status of the site in the early Islamic period has not been established, but the name was preserved in Crusader times as Qalonie or Qalunia and in Arabic as Qalunya. Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali reported that in 1192 it was a village near Jerusalem.[9]

New Testament

It has also been suggested that Qalunya was Emmaus of the New Testament.[10] The site is at more or less the correct distance from Jerusalem to match the story told in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 24:13–35). The village where Vespasian settled the 800 veterans was known as Emmaus at that time. The new military colony completely eclipsed the title town and its name was lost to history. During the Byzantine period the name Emmaus was not in use, so the Byzantine Christians did not know of it. The tradition of Emmaus was attached to Emmaus-Nicopolis instead.[11] Excavations in 2001-2003 headed by Professor Carsten Peter Thiede let him conclude that Khirbet Mizza/Tel Moza was the only credible candidate for biblical Emmaus.[12]

Ottoman period

Qalunya noted on 1587 print by Jean Zuallart[13]

In the 1596 tax registers, Qalunya was a village in the Ottoman Empire, nahiya (subdistrict) of Jerusalem under the liwa' (district) of Jerusalem, and it had a population of 19 Muslim households, an estimated 110 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on a number of crops, including wheat, barley and olives, as well as on goats, beehives and molasses; a total of 6,450 akçe. All of the revenue went to Waqf.[14]

In 1838, Kulonieh was noted as a Muslim village in the Beni Malik district, west of Jerusalem.[15][16]

In 1863 Victor Guérin found it to be a village of 500 inhabitants,[17] while an Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Kalonije had a population of 120, in 43 houses, though the population count included men, only.[18][19]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Qalunya as being a moderate-sized village perched on the slope of a hill, 300 feet (91 m) above a valley. Travelers reported that it had a "modern" restaurant. The villagers tended orange and lemon trees that were planted around a spring in the valley.[20] To the west of the restaurant were ruins, possible of Byzantine origin.[21]

In the 1890s, Jews purchased some of Qalunya's farmlands, and established the village of Motza, the first Jewish settlement outside Jerusalem.[22]

In 1896 the population of Kalonije was estimated to be about 312 persons.[23]

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qalunieh (Qalonia) had a population 549; 456 Muslims, 88 Jews and 5 Orthodox Christians,[24][25] increasing in the 1931 census to 632, 632 Muslims and 10 Christians; in a total of 156 houses.[26]

During the 1929 Palestine riots, several residents of Qalunya attacked an outlying house in Motza belonging to the Maklef family, killing the father, mother, son, two daughters, and their two guests. Three children survived by escaping out a second-story window; one, Mordechai Maklef, later became Chief of Staff of the Israeli Army. The attackers included the lone police officer and armed man in the area, as well as a shepherd employed by the Maklef family. The village was subsequently abandoned by Jews for a year's time.[27]

In the 1945 statistics, Qalunya had a population of 900 Muslims and 10 Christians, while Motza had a population of 350 Jews.[2] The total land area was 4,844 dunams.[3] A total of 1,224 dunums of land were irrigated or used for plantations, 955 were used for cereals;[28] while 227 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[29]

Qalunya panorama 10 April 1948

1948, and after

Qalunya was situated just east of the battlefield of Castel and part of the Arab siege on Jerusalem.[30] As a result on 11 April 1948, as part of Operation Nachshon, Hagana forces entered the village and blew up 50 houses[31] - after "the inhabitants had been evacuated."[32] According to Ilan Pappe, Qalunya was one of four villages that were systematically destroyed by Hagana units in this fashion in the immediate wake of the Deir Yassin massacre; the others being, Beit Surik, Biddu and Saris.[31]

Archaeology

According to the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), the earliest archaeological finds of Qaluniya date back to the Early Bronze Age, Early Bronze Age I, Iron Age II, followed by artefacts retrieved from the Hellenistic-Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, and Crusade period.[33] The remains of a Byzantine Church were discovered on the site.

In 2012 Israeli archaeologists discovered the Tel Motza temple, an Israelite cultic building dating to the monarchic period (Iron Age IIA).[34]

References

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 321
  2. ^ a b c d Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 25
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 58
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xx, village #359. Also gives the cause of depopulation.
  5. ^ "Qalunya". Palestine Remembered. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  6. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 309
  7. ^ a b Zissu, Boaz (2017), "Interbellum Judea 70–132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective", Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE, Brill, p. 28, doi:10.1163/9789004352971_003, ISBN 978-90-04-35297-1
  8. ^ Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023). "Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).
  9. ^ Al:Khalidi 1968:181, Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.309
  10. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 40
  11. ^ Murphy-O'Connor, 2008, pp. 362−363
  12. ^ Thiede, Carsten Peter (2005). "Die Wiederentdeckung von Emmaus bei Jerusalem" [Rediscovering Emmaus near Jerusalem]. Zeitschrift für antikes Christentum (in German). 8 (3). Walter de Gruyter: 593–599. doi:10.1515/zach.2005.8.3.593. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  13. ^ Zuallart, 1587, p. 121
  14. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 118. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 309
  15. ^ Robinson and Smith, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 123
  16. ^ Robinson and Smith, vol. 2, p. 146
  17. ^ Guérin, 1868, pp. 257-262
  18. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 155 It was noted to be in the Bene Malik district
  19. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 118, also noted 43 houses
  20. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 17. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 309
  21. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 132
  22. ^ Ochs, Juliana (6 June 2011). Security and Suspicion: An Ethnography of Everyday Life in Israel. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0812205688.
  23. ^ Schick, 1896, p. 126
  24. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  25. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. 45
  26. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 42
  27. ^ Segev, 2013, p. 324
  28. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 103
  29. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 153
  30. ^ "Near Kolonia Arabs constructed five road blocks and dug three ditches across highways." (Levin, Harry (1997). Jerusalem Embattled: A Diary of the City Under Siege, March 25th, 1948, to July 18th,1948. London: Cassell. p. 52. ISBN 030433765X.)
    "Qaluniya ..., whose militiamen had repeatedly attacked positions".(Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: The History of the First Arab-Israeli War. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 130. ISBN 0300151128.)
  31. ^ a b Pappe, 2006, p. 91.
  32. ^ Gilbert, Martin (1994). Jerusalem. Illustrated History Atlas. Steimatzky. p. 93. ISBN 0-85303-285-8.
  33. ^ The Archaeological Survey of Israel (Israel Antiquities Authority), Qaluniya , Site no. 31
  34. ^ First Temple Period Ritual Structure Discovered Near Jerusalem

Bibliography