Help:IPA/Sanskrit

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This page contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Vedic and Classical Sanskrit and Pali pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

Consonants
IPA Nagari IAST English approximation
b ब b about
bʱ भ bh clubhouse
ɕ श ś sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
d द d width
dʱ ध dh redhead (but dental)
dʑ ज j juice, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
dʑʱ झ jh hedgehog
ɖ ड ḍ American bird
ɖʱ ढ ḍh American birdhouse
ɡ ग g again
ɡʱ घ gh loghouse
ɦ ह h ahead
j य y yak
k क k skin
kʰ ख kh kin
l ल l leaf
m म m much
n न n tenth
ɲ ञ ñ canyon
ɳ ण ṇ American burn
ŋ ङ ṅ sting
p प p span
pʰ फ ph pan
r र r Indian roti
s स s soup
ʂ ष ṣ American worship
t त t stable
tʰ थ th table (but dental)
ʈ ट ṭ stable
ʈʰ ठ ṭh table
tɕ च c riches, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
tɕʰ छ ch chew
ʋ व v between wine and vine
Vowels
IPA Nagari IAST English approximation
ɐ अ, प a comma
aː आ, पा ā bra
i इ, पि i sit
iː ई, पी ī feet
u उ, पु u full
uː ऊ, पू ū fool
eː ए, पे e Scottish wait
ɐːi̯ ऐ, पै ai hi
oː ओ, पो o story
ɐːu̯ औ, पौ au how
Syllabic Consonants
r̩ ऋ, पृ ṛ Possibly like bird
r̩ː ॠ, पॄ ṝ longer ṛ
l̩ ऌ, पॢ ḷ bottle
Vowel Diacritics
◌̃ ँ ◌̃/m̐ nasal vowel , , , etc.)
h ः ḥ head


Suprasegmentals
IPA Nagari IAST English equivalent
ˈ◌ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
  2. ^ a b c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
  3. ^ a b c d e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
  4. ^ /r/ may be phonetically realised as , or in Classical Sanskrit.
  5. ^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: . Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.
  6. ^ , or in Classical Sanskrit.
  7. ^ , or in Classical Sanskrit.
  8. ^ or for most modern speakers. for southern speakers.
  9. ^ or for most modern speakers. for southern speakers.
  10. ^ for most modern speakers. in Bengali and Maithili regions.
  11. ^ Visarga, added after a vowel.
  12. ^ In Classical Sanskrit, stress was predictable by syllable weight: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed if heavy (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable. Vedic Sanskrit, in contrast, possessed an unpredictable pitch accent.

References

  • Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.

See also