1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid

In today's world, 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid is a topic that generates great interest and debate in society. From its origins to the present, 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid has been a point of reference and discussion in different areas, from politics to culture. Its impact has been such that it has left an indelible mark on history, and its relevance endures to this day. In this article, we will explore the various facets of 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, from its most controversial aspects to its positive contributions. We will analyze its influence in different areas and how it has shaped the world in which we live. Without a doubt, 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid continues to be a topic of great importance and its study is essential to understand today's society.

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
Other names
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
δ-1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
P5C
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
KEGG
MeSH Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C5H7NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h3-4H,1-2H2,(H,7,8) checkY
    Key: DWAKNKKXGALPNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C5H7NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h3-4H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)
    Key: DWAKNKKXGALPNW-UHFFFAOYAB
  • C1CC(N=C1)C(=O)O
  • O=C(O)C1/N=C\CC1
Properties
C5H7NO2
Molar mass 113.115 g/mol
Acidity (pKa) 1.82/6.07[1]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (systematic name 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid[2]) is a cyclic imino acid. Its conjugate base and anion is 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In solution, P5C is in spontaneous equilibrium with glutamate-5-semialdhyde (GSA).[3]

Biochemistry

The stereoisomer (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (also referred to as L-P5C) is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis and degradation of proline and arginine.[4][5][6]

In prokaryotic proline biosynthesis, GSA is synthesized from γ-glutamyl phosphate by the enzyme γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase. In most eukaryotes, GSA is synthesised from the amino acid glutamate by the bifunctional enzyme 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS). The human P5CS is encoded by the ALDH18A1 gene.[7][8] The enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase converts P5C into proline.

In proline degradation, the enzyme proline dehydrogenase produces P5C from proline, and the enzyme 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase converts GSA to glutamate. In many prokaryotes, proline dehydrogenase and P5C dehydrogenase form a bifunctional enzyme that prevents the release of P5C during proline degradation.[9]

A reciprocal regulation of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and proline dehydrogenase genes controls proline levels during and after osmotic stress in plants proportional to the level of proline.[10] This allows an optimum level of proline to be produced from reduced nitrogen to control osmotic stress.

References

  1. ^ "computed by Chemicalize from ChemAxon".
  2. ^ PubChem. "3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  3. ^ Heacock, Anne M.; Williams, Irene H.; Frank, Leonard H.; Adams, Elijah (1975-04-01). "Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate and Δ1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate: Chromatography on the amino acid analyzer". Analytical Biochemistry. 64 (2): 593–600. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(75)90472-8. ISSN 0003-2697. PMID 236687.
  4. ^ Bertolo, Robert F.; Burrin, Douglas G. (2008-10-01). "Comparative Aspects of Tissue Glutamine and Proline Metabolism". The Journal of Nutrition. 138 (10): 2032S – 2039S. doi:10.1093/jn/138.10.2032S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 18806120.
  5. ^ Qamar, Aarzoo; Mysore, Kirankumar; Senthil-Kumar, Muthappa (2015). "Role of proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolism in plant defense against invading pathogens". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 503. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00503. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4491715. PMID 26217357.
  6. ^ Winter, Gudrun; Todd, Christopher D.; Trovato, Maurizio; Forlani, Giuseppe; Funck, Dietmar (2015). "Physiological implications of arginine metabolism in plants". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 534. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00534. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4520006. PMID 26284079.
  7. ^ Liu G, Maunoury C, Kamoun P, Aral B (Oct 1996). "Assignment of the human gene encoding the delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) to 10q24.3 by in situ hybridization". Genomics. 37 (1): 145–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0535. PMID 8921385.
  8. ^ "Entrez Gene: ALDH18A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1".
  9. ^ Liu, Li-Kai; Becker, Donald F.; Tanner, John J. (2017-10-15). "Structure, function, and mechanism of proline utilization A (PutA)". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Flavoproteins: Beyond the Classical Paradigms. 632: 142–157. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.005. ISSN 0003-9861. PMC 5650515. PMID 28712849.
  10. ^ Verma, D.P.S (December 1996). "Reciprocal regulation of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and proline dehydrogenase genes controls proline levels during and after osmotic stress in plants". Molecular Genetics. 253 (3): 334–341.