Xukuruan languages
This article will address the topic of Xukuruan languages from a comprehensive and detailed perspective, with the aim of offering a complete and updated view of this matter. Throughout the text, different aspects related to Xukuruan languages will be analyzed, from its origin to its impact on current society. Relevant data, statistics and expert opinions will be presented to offer the reader a deep and enriching understanding of Xukuruan languages. Likewise, possible solutions or proposals will be examined to address the challenges posed by Xukuruan languages. Don't miss this article that promises to be enlightening and enriching!
| Xukuruan | |
|---|---|
| Shukuru | |
| Geographic distribution | Brazil |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed to be one of the world's primary language families? |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | xuku1239 (Xukurú) |
The Xukuruan languages are a language family proposed by Loukotka (1968) that links two languages of eastern Brazil.[1][2] The languages are:
Loukotka (1968) also lists the unattested Garañun (Garanhun), an extinct, undocumented language once spoken in the Serra dos Garanhuns.[1]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Shukurú and Paratió.[1]
gloss Shukurú Paratió ear bandulák bolúdo tooth chilodé vovó man sheñupre sheñup sun kiá kiá moon klariːmon limolago earth krashishi tobacco mãzyé mazyaː
Pompeu (1958)
These word lists of language varieties from the Serra do Urubá (also known as the Serra do Arorobá or Serra do Ororubá, located in the municipality of Pesqueira, Pernambuco) are reproduced from Pompeu Sobrinho (1958).[3]
Below is a vocabulary collected by Domingos Cruz in Pesqueira, Pernambuco from his informant Rodrigues de Mendonça, who was originally from the Serra do Urubá:
Portuguese gloss "Serra do Urubá" cabeça (head) kreká, kri, ká cabeça de vaca (cow head) kreká memêngo chapéu (hat) kriákugo, kriá chuva (rain) kraxixi comida (food) kringó comida boa (good food) kringó konengo cachaça (liquor) irínka bom, boa (good) konengo chefe, mais velho (boss, older) taióp deus (God) tupá faca grande (big knife) xaníko faca pequena (small knife) saquarék homem (man) xiakrók homem branco (white man) karé homem índio (Indian man) xenunpe homem defeituoso (deformed man) jajú fome (hunger) xurák inimigo (enemy) aredirí ir embora (go away) nuntógo mulher (woman) krippó milho (corn) xigó nevoeiro (fog) batukin lua (moon) limolago sol (sun) oraci pedra (stone) krá pedra (em cima da terra) krá xixí pé (foot) poiá defeito (defect) guxú pé defeituoso (defective foot) poiá guxú ruim (bad) aguá, pigó homem branco ruim (bad white man) karé aguá homem branco bom (good white man) karé konengo O inimigo vem aí. (The enemy is coming.) arediri arediri
Vocabulary collected by Domingos Cruz from his informant Pedro Rodrigues, who was originally from the sitio of Gitó in the Serra do Urubá:
Portuguese gloss Gitó variety aguardente (liquor) orinka aldeiamento (village) taiopo maritáro arco (arma) tamaingú, temaigú carne (meat) inxi, ixi fome (hunger) xurák negro (homem) (black man) taká cabra (goat) krexkuák jãtarinta negra (black) taká jipu onça (jaguar) jetôme raça, tribo (race, tribe) xekurú marinheiro (estrangeiro) karé irut carne (meat) inxin comedor de carne (meat eater) inzin aragogú mentiroso (liar) jupegúgo lua (moon) limolágo sol (sun) orací deus (God) tupá Nossa Senhora (Our Lady (Virgin Mary)) Tamaipí
Vocabulary collected by José Joaquim in Rio Branco, Pernambuco of a language spoken in the Serra do Urubá:
Portuguese gloss "Serra do Urubá" bom dia (good morning) degómen cacete (club) kirí, quirí cabeça (head) krêkió batata (potato) baká, koxó altar (altar) oiô canela (tíbia) (shin, tibia) gatí canela fina (fine shin) gatirí cachaça (liquor) urínka ? () urinka karóba mão (hand) kêerakê dedo (finger) atirí, tirí nariz (nose) korõzó espiga (milho) tók, tóque fumo, tabaco (smoke, tobacco) mãjá Como vai? (How are you?) adeusá livro (book) quatirá fino (thin) irí longe (far) tigí ir embora (go away) ombêira livrar-se (get rid of) muntógo feijão (bean) jejá cara, rosto (face) nãí cara feia (ugly face) naiogo negro (homem) (black man) taka olhar (look) antiá pano (cloth) mití (?) pano velho (farrapo) (old cloth, rag) takó mandioca ou macaxeira (cassava or manioc) xaká milho (corn) xigó vertir (pour, spill) tadí roupa (clothes) kunãgo roupa nova (new clothes) tiliká roupa velha (old clothes) takó girau (turned) koiá livro (book) katirá, quatirá tamboeira (de milho) (poorly sprouted corn) boró tiga espiga de milho (corn cob) tiga gugá
References
- ^ a b c Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Xukuru Alain Fabre (2005). Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos.
- ^ Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
Sources
- Moseley, C. (2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-79640-2. Retrieved 2025-02-09.