Wandering spider

Today, Wandering spider is a topic of great relevance and interest to a large number of people around the world. Whether due to its impact on society, its influence on people's daily lives or its importance in the professional field, Wandering spider is a topic that does not leave anyone indifferent. In this article, we will explore in depth the different facets and perspectives related to Wandering spider, analyzing its evolution over time, its impact in various areas and the possible future implications it could have. From its origins to the present, Wandering spider has been the subject of debate and study, and in the following lines we will try to shed light on this exciting topic.

Wandering spiders
Temporal range:
Phoneutria nigriventer
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Ctenidae
Keyserling, 1877
Diversity
49 genera, 533 species

Wandering spiders (Ctenidae) are a family of spiders that includes the Brazilian wandering spiders. These spiders have a distinctive longitudinal groove on the top-rear of their oval carapace similar to those of the Amaurobiidae.[1] They are highly defensive[2] and venomous nocturnal hunters. Wandering spiders are known to hunt large prey, for example hylid species Dendropsophus branneri.[3] Despite their notoriety for being dangerous, only a few members of Phoneutria have venom known to be hazardous to humans, but the venoms of this family are poorly known,[4] so all larger ctenids should be treated with caution.

General

Main article: List of Ctenidae species

As of July 2021, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[5]

  • Acantheis Thorell, 1891 — Asia
  • Acanthoctenus Keyserling, 1877 — South America, Central America, Jamaica, Mexico
  • Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 — Africa, India
  • Afroneutria Polotow & Jocqué, 2015 — Africa
  • Amauropelma Raven, Stumkat & Gray, 2001 — Asia, Australia
  • Amicactenus Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Africa
  • Anahita Karsch, 1879 — Africa, Asia, United States
  • Apolania Simon, 1898 — Seychelles
  • Arctenus Polotow & Jocqué, 2014 — Kenya
  • Asthenoctenus Simon, 1897 — South America
  • Bengalla Gray & Thompson, 2001 — Australia
  • Bulboctenus Pereira, Labarque & Polotow, 2020 — Brazil
  • Califorctenus Jiménez, Berrian, Polotow & Palacios-Cardiel, 2017
  • Caloctenus Keyserling, 1877 — Ethiopia, South America
  • Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 — Brazil
  • Centroctenus Mello-Leitão, 1929 — South America
  • Chococtenus Dupérré, 2015 — Ecuador, Colombia
  • Ciba Bloom, Binford, Esposito, Alayón, Peterson, Nishida, Loubet-Senear & Agnarsson, 2014 — Cuba, Dominican Republic
  • Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 — Africa, South America, Oceania, Central America, Asia, North America, Caribbean
  • Diallomus Simon, 1897 — Sri Lanka
  • Enoploctenus Simon, 1897 — South America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  • Gephyroctenus Mello-Leitão, 1936 — Brazil, Peru
  • Isoctenus Bertkau, 1880 — Brazil, Argentina
  • Janusia Gray, 1973 — Australia
  • Kiekie Polotow & Brescovit, 2018 — Colombia, Central America, Mexico
  • Leptoctenus L. Koch, 1878 — Australia, North America, Panama
  • Macroctenus Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Guinea
  • Mahafalytenus Silva-Dávila, 2007 — Madagascar
  • Montescueia Carcavallo & Martínez, 1961 — Argentina
  • Nimbanahita Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Guinea
  • Nothroctenus Badcock, 1932 — Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
  • Ohvida Polotow & Brescovit, 2009 — Cuba
  • Parabatinga Polotow & Brescovit, 2009 — South America
  • Perictenus Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Guinea
  • Petaloctenus Jocqué & Steyn, 1997 — Africa
  • Phoneutria Perty, 1833 — South America
  • Phymatoctenus Simon, 1897 — Brazil, Guyana, Costa Rica
  • Piloctenus Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Guinea, Togo, Ivory Coast
  • Sinoctenus Marusik, Zhang & Omelko, 2012
  • Spinoctenus Hazzi, Polotow, Brescovit, González-Obando & Simó, 2018
  • Thoriosa Simon, 1910 — São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Equatorial Guinea
  • Toca Polotow & Brescovit, 2009 — Brazil
  • Trogloctenus Lessert, 1935 — Congo
  • Trujillina Bryant, 1948 — Caribbean
  • Tuticanus Simon, 1897 — Ecuador, Peru
  • Viracucha Lehtinen, 1967 — South America
  • Wiedenmeyeria Schenkel, 1953 — Venezuela

See also

References

  1. ^ McGavin, George C. (2002). Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods. New York: Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 230. ISBN 0-7894-9392-6.
  2. ^ Bücherl, Wolfgang; Buckley, Eleanor E. (2013). Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Venomous Invertebrates. Elsevier. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-4832-6289-5.
  3. ^ de Araujo Lira, André Felipe (May 26, 2000). "Predation of Dendropsophus branneri (Cochran, 1948) (Anura: Hylidae) by wandering spider (Araneae: Ctenidae) in an Atlantic forest remnant". Herpetology Notes. 13: 421–424 – via Biotaxa.
  4. ^ Okamoto; et al. (2009). "Ctenus medius and Phoneutria nigriventer spiders venoms share noxious proinflammatory activities". J. Med. Entomol. 46 (1): 58–66. doi:10.1603/033.046.0108. PMID 19198518. S2CID 33154932.
  5. ^ "Family: Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
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