Turned g

In today's world, Turned g has gained great relevance in various areas. Whether on a personal, professional or social level, Turned g plays a fundamental role in people's lives. Its importance is reflected in the way it impacts our daily lives, in the decisions we make, in the conversations we have and in the actions we take. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly analyze and understand the role that Turned g has in our lives, as well as its influence on society as a whole. In this article, we will explore different aspects of Turned g and its impact in various areas, in order to shed light on this relevant and interesting topic.

Turned g
G ᵷ
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
Typealphabetic
Language of originTabasaran language, Karaim language, Kwakʼwala, multiple phonetic trascriptions
Sound values[ɣ]
In UnicodeU+1D77
History
Development
Pictogram of a Camel (speculated origin)
Time period1844, 1880, 1892-1921, 1900, 1929, 1959, 1965
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

Turned g (⅁ ᵷ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by rotating g 180°. It is used to transliterate the Georgian letter ჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letter გ "g" rotated to represent a voiced rotated velar fricative consonant or a voiced rotated reliodental fricative consonant.

Usage

G in Beniowski's alphabet.

In 1844, Bartłomiej Beniowski created his Anti-absurd or Phenotypic alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong .

In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.[1]

Turned g as a proposed symbol of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

In 1900, turned g was a proposed phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association’s Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe, and other Northwest Caucasian languages.[2]

Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.[3]

In 1921, Ivar Adolf Lyttkens and Fredrik Amadeus Wulff used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Metodiska ljudöfningar published in 1892[4] or the dictionary Svensk ordlista published in 1921.[5]

In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel [i]. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.[6]

Turned g represents a [ɢ] in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Alexander Amarovich Magometov in his book Табасаранский язык: Исследование и тексты published in 1965.[7]

A 19th century Gamilaraay text, using a rotated capital G for ŋ.

A rotated capital G (⅁) has sometimes been used as a substitute for the similar-looking eng [ŋ]. It is encoded in Unicode at U+2141. It looks similar to the Hebrew letter Pe ⟨פ⟩. But one can make the turned g actually rendered like this. ⟨G⟩

Computing codes

ᵷ was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U+1D77. Fonts that can display the character include Code2000, Doulos SIL and Charis SIL. Lowercase "B with hook", an IPA letter that resembles a turned one-story g, is more widely available as a substitute, at U+0253. However the vertical alignment does not match.

Character information
Preview ⅁ ᵷ
Unicode name TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL G LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED G
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 8513 U+2141 7543 U+01D77
UTF-8 226 133 129 E2 85 81 225 181 183 E1 B5 B7
Numeric character reference ⅁ ⅁ ᵷ ᵷ

References

  1. ^ Powell 1880, p. 15.
  2. ^ Association phonétique internationale 1900, p. 7‒8.
  3. ^ Boas et al. 1900.
  4. ^ Lyttkens & Wulff 1892, p. 34.
  5. ^ Lyttkens & Wulff 1921, p. 16.
  6. ^ Németh 2011, p. 81–82.
  7. ^ Магометов (ალ. მაჰომეტოი), Александр Амарович (1965). Табасаранский язык : исследование и тексты (ტაბასარანუმი ენა : გამოკვლევა და ტექსტები) (in Russian). Тбилиси: Мецниереба.


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