Togolok
In this article we are going to explore all facets of Togolok, from its origins to its impact today. Togolok is a topic that has captured the attention and interest of many people over the years, and its relevance continues to be evident in different areas. Throughout the next few lines, we will carefully examine the most important aspects of Togolok, its evolution over time and its presence in today's society. In addition, we will analyze its influence in various fields, offering a complete and detailed vision of Togolok that will allow the reader to better understand its importance and meaning in the modern world.
38°07′N 62°00′E / 38.12°N 62.00°E
   | |
| Location | Murghab Inner Delta, Turkmenistan |
|---|---|
| Type | Archaeological site |
| History | |
| Founded | Late 3rd - First half of the 2nd millennium BC |
| Periods | Middle - Late phases of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) - Greater Khorasan Civilization (GKC) |
| Cultures | Indo-Iranian |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruins |
Togolok is an archaeological site in the Murghab Delta, Turkmenistan, located about 10–15 km south of Gonur (or about 40 km north of Mary, Turkmenistan). Togolok 21 is an Indo-Iranian[1] temple and fortress dated to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC, belonging to the late phase of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). Togolok 1 area has also been excavated. Since 2014, the Togolok 1 site has been excavated by the TAP - Togolok Archaeological Project, directed by Barbara Cerasetti (FU Berlin, ISMEO), in collaboration with the University of Bern.
According to the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (page 495), the Togolok temple contained rooms where traces of ephedra and hemp were found along with implements for the preparation of a hallucinogenic beverage (later known as soma in India and as haoma in Iran).
Togolok Depe
The name 'Togolok' is also applied to another much older site in Turkmenistan known as 'Togolok-tepe'. This settlement started in the Neolithic during the Jeitun period around 7000 BC.[2] It is located in the Kopet-Dagh foothills near the ancient Jeitun settlement. The site has been excavated and published in 1964 in Russian.
References
- ^ SARIANIDI, V. I. 1990. "Togolok 21, an Indo-Iranian Temple in the Karakum". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 4: 159-165.
- ^ David R. Harris, Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. ISBN 1934536512 p61
- V. Sarianidi, Le complexe cultuel de Togolok 21 en Margiane", Arts Asiatiques 41 (1986), 5–21.
- V. Sarianidi, "Togolok 21, an Indo-Iranian Temple in the Karakum", Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4 (1990), 159–165.
- V. Sarianidi, Margiana and Soma-Haoma, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS) 9.1c (5 May 2003).
- F.T. Hiebert, Origins of the Bronze Age Oasis Civilization in Central Asia, American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletins 42 (2004).
- M. Cattani et al., The Murghab Delta in Central Asia 1990-2001: GIS from a Research Resource to a Reasoning Tool for the Study of Settlement Change in Long-Term Fluctuations in: M. Doerr (ed.), The Digital Heritage of Archaeology (2002).
- 2019 CERASETTI, B. et al. Bronze and Iron Age urbanization in Turkmenistan. Preliminary results from the excavation of Togolok 1 on the Murghab alluvial fan. In C. Baumer, M. Novák (eds) Urban Cultures of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Karakhanids. Learnings and conclusions from new archaeological investigations and discoveries. SVA 12, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag: 63-72.
- 2022 CERASETTI, B. et al. The Rise and Decline of the Desert Cities: The Last Stages of the BMAC at Togolok 1 (Southern Turkmenistan). In C. Baumer et al. (eds) Cultures in Contact. Central Asia as Focus of Trade, Cultural Exchange and Knowledge Transmission. SVA 19. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag: 89-115.
- 2022 Billings, T.N., CERASETTI, B. et al. Agriculture in the Karakum: An archaeobotanical analysis from Togolok 1, southern Turkmenistan (ca. 2300-1700 B.C.). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, "Effects of Novel Environments on Domesticated Species". DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.995490