Sanjak of Kruševac

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Sanjak of Kruševac
Alacahisar Sancağı
Крушевачки санџак
Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire
1455[2]–1830[1]
CapitalKruševac
History 
• Established
1455[2]
• Final Ottoman capture of Kruševac
1830[1]
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Serbian Despotate
Principality of Serbia
Today part ofSerbia

The Sanjak of Kruševac or the Sanjak of Alacahisar (Turkish: Alacahisar Sancağı, Serbian: Крушевачки санџак) was one of the sanjaks in the Ottoman Empire with Alacahisar (modern-day Kruševac) as its administrative centre. Its Turkish name, Alacahisar, means colorful fortress.[3]

Background

Despot Stefan Lazarević, who was childless, had arranged for his nephew Đurađ Branković to succeed the Serbian throne and enter an alliance with Hungary, however, after his death, Murat invaded Serbia in 1428 claiming the land for himself.[4] Murat took the Serbian capital Kruševac and forced Branković to continue the Ottoman vassalage.[4] In 1451, when Mehmed II became Sultan, Despot Đurađ recaptured Kruševac and its surroundings.[5] Mehmed II campaigned in Serbia from 1454 until 1459, when he conquered and annexed the Serbian Despotate. Kruševac (now known as Turkish Alacahisar) was taken in 1455 and immediately organized into an Ottoman subdivision.

Administrative division

Eyalets

In period between 1455 and 1541 the Sanjak of Kruševac belonged to the Rumelia Eyalet. After the establishment of the Budin Eyalet in 1541 the Sanjak of Kruševac was merged into it together with several other sanjaks including the Sanjak of Smederevo, Sanjak of Pojega, Sanjak of Vučitrn, Sanjak of Zvornik etc. In 1558 the Sanjak of Kruševac was added to the Temeşvar Eyalet[6] At the beginning of the 17th century the Sanjak of Kruševac was again part of Rumelia Eyalet.[7]

Nahiyahs

The town of Aleksinac was mentioned for the first time in 1516 defter of the Sanjak of Alaca Hisar.[8] In the same year there were 1,000 voynuks registered in Kruševac.[9]

In the 16th century the Sanjak of Alaca Hișar had following nahiyahs: Kruševac (Alaca Hisar), Medveđa, Ürgüp, Zagrlata, Dubočica, Koznik, Kurşunlu, Petrus, Bovan (near modern Aleksinac), Poljanica, Kislina and Izmornik.[10] In the 17th century this sanjak had the following kadilıks: Kruševac, Prokuplje, Medveđa, Bovan, Paraćin and Koznik.[11]

Sanjak-beys

In 1493 the sanjak-bey of Kruševac was Ismail Bey, who participated in the Battle of Krbava Field.[12]

Deli Hasan-pasha Suljobašić was a sanjak-bey of Kruševac since the 1720s until 1739.[13] He managed to merge numerous small chifliks into one large estate by killing many local sipahis and zaims (leaders) without being sanctioned, despite many official investigations.[14] In 1793 he was transferred to Prizren and then to Ohrid.[14]

In 1789, during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), Şehsuvar Abdi Pasha from İşkodra (Shkodër) was appointed sanjak-bey of the Sanjak of Kruševac.[15][16] In period between 1794 and 1830 the sanjak-bey was Sašit-pasha.[17]

Demographics in 15th and 16th century

In 1455, the sanjak had 170 timars, out of which 27 were in the hands of Christians.[18]

Ottoman sources emphasize that a wave of Vlachs herdsmen settled in the Sanjak of Smederevo and a large part of the Sanjak of Kruševac and Sanjak of Vidin.[19] After the Ottomans conquered territories in Pannonian Plain many families from the central Balkans move to that area which affected Vlach population of Sanjak of Kruševac and Smederevo who lost their earlier privileges. From the beginning of 16th century, the Muslim population in Kruševac, Prokuplje and Leskovac made up 68% of the total population while until the end of the century it increased to almost 85% due to islamisation of Serbs. In smaller urban settlements such as Kuršumlija, Paraćin, Medveđa and Bovan, the Christians made up the majority of the population up until 1536. This ratio changed only by the end of the century, when these groups equalised in terms of their numbers.[20]

In 1516, the Kruševac Sanjak had 320,000 inhabitants, and in 1536 due to depopulation it had 160,000-190,000 inhabitants[21]

Settlements

Defter counts of villages;[22]

1516: 1,155 villages

1536; 1,169 villages

1570: 1,082 villages

1583: 1,104 villages

Settlement numbers of Nahija's (1536); [22][23]

Kisilina: 12 villages, 153 households

Dubočica: 300 villages, 7,000 households

Kruševac: 216 villages, 8,000 households

Koznik: 116 villages, 1,500-2,000 households

Boban: 43 villages, 2,200 households

Petruš: 95 villages, 1,300–3,000 households

Prokuplje: 264 villages, 13,000 households

Kuršumlija: 63 villages

Izmornik: 30 villages

Poljanica: 24 villages

Zagratla: 74 villages, 976 households

References

  1. ^ Leskovački zbornik. 1973. p. 27. Retrieved 8 March 2013. Умро је 1830. годи- не, таман када је догорело постојање ха- лаџа хисарског санџака
  2. ^ Nikola Konstandinović (1970). Beogradski pašaluk. p. 6. Retrieved 8 March 2013. Крушевачки санџак који је образован још 1455 г., пре Смедерев- ског санџака, ...
  3. ^ Drustvo Istoricara Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo (1950). Godisnjak. p. 178. Retrieved 10 March 2013. Санџак Крушевац (А1аса Шзаг) Град Крушевац, некадању престоницу кнеза Лазара, Турци су~ дефинитивно посјели г. 1455, дали му име Алаџа Хисар (Шарен град) и претворили га у средиште истоименог санџака.
  4. ^ a b Shaw 1976, p. 48
  5. ^ Celâl Güzel 2002, "When Mehmed II succeeded to the throne in 1451, the Serbian Despot captured Alaca Hisar and its environs, but ..."
  6. ^ Radovan Samardžić (1981). Istorija srpskog naroda. Srpska književna zadruga. p. 51. Retrieved 10 March 2013. Кад је 1541. основан Будимски ејалет, овој области је придружено неколико санџака Румелијског ејалета, »и то Вучитрн, Крушевац, Смедерево, Зворник, Срем, Пожега и др.« Санџак Крушевац је 1558. издвојен из Будимског
  7. ^ Annuaire de la Société historique de Bosnie et Herzégovine. Istorisko društvo Bosne i Hercegovine. 1952. p. 194. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  8. ^ NIN. nedeljne informativne novine. Vol. 2795–2806. Politika. 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2013. „Алексинац се први пут спомиње 1516. године.у дефтеру за крушевачки санџак,
  9. ^ Österreichische Osthefte. LIT Verlag Münster. 2005. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-3-8258-9539-6. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  10. ^ Zbornik Istorijskog muzeja Srbije. Muzej. 1975. p. 51. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  11. ^ Владимир Бабић (1960). Историја народа Југославије. Просвета. p. 65. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  12. ^ Starine. Akademija. 1937. p. 139. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  13. ^ Leskovački zbornik. 1971. p. 9. Retrieved 10 March 2013. ...може се открити да је њихов родоначелник Дели Хасан-паша, ко- ји је био крушевачки санџакбег до 1739. го- дине.
  14. ^ a b Milosav M. Đorđević (2000). Razbojna. Kulturno prosvetna zajednica Srbije. p. 79. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  15. ^ Milosav M. Đorđević (2000). Razbojna. Kulturno prosvetna zajednica Srbije. p. 79. Retrieved 8 March 2013. У току рата 1789, Крушевачки санџак је додељен Шехсувар Абди паши, сину Арслан Али Паше Дели Хасанпашићу, унуку горе поменутог Дели Хасана. Управо тај Шехсувар Абди паша је у ствари Шашит паша лесковачки.
  16. ^ Antonije Isaković; Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. Međuodeljenjski odbor za proučavanje Kosova (1998). Kosovsko-Metohijski zbornik. Srpska Akademija nauk i umetnosti. p. 60. ISBN 9788670251052. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ...нарочито под крушевачким саниакбегом Шехсувар (Шашит пашом) пореклом из Скадра
  17. ^ Ljubiša Đidić; Života Radojičić (1988). Kruševac. Bagdala. p. 78. ISBN 9788670870673. Retrieved 10 March 2013. У току руско-турског рата у Крушевцу се налази Шехсувар Абди паша. Године 1794. санџакбег је Сашит паша који на овом положају остаје до 1830. го- дине.
  18. ^ Hamzaoǧlu 2004, p. 62: "1455 yılında Alacahisar Sancağı'nda varolan 170 tımardan 27'si Hıristiyanların elinde bulunuyordu"
  19. ^ Balkan Studies. The Institute. 1986. p. 10. Retrieved 10 March 2013. Turkish sources declare that a wave of Vlah herdsmen flowed into Smederevo sandzak and a large part of Krusevac and Vidin sandzak
  20. ^ Dragana Amedoski, Vladeta Petrović; (2018) Urban settlements of the Sanjak of Kruševac(15th–16th centuries) p. 251; Historical Institute Belgrade,
  21. ^ Vasić 2005, p. 196.
  22. ^ a b Vasić 2005, p. 193.
  23. ^ Vasić 2005, p. 197.

Further reading