SHANK2

In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of SHANK2, exploring its many facets and its impact on different aspects of life. From its influence in history to its relevance today, SHANK2 has left an indelible mark on society and continues to generate debate and reflection. Along these lines, we will analyze its evolution over time, its connection with other relevant elements and the experiences of those who have been touched by its presence. Prepare to embark on a journey of discovery and learning about SHANK2, an entity that has captured the attention of individuals of all ages and backgrounds.

SHANK2
Identifiers
AliasesSHANK2, AUTS17, CORTBP1, CTTNBP1, ProSAP1, SHANK, SPANK-3, SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 2
External IDsOMIM: 603290; MGI: 2671987; HomoloGene: 105965; GeneCards: SHANK2; OMA:SHANK2 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

22941

210274

Ensembl

ENSG00000162105

ENSMUSG00000037541

UniProt

Q9UPX8

Q80Z38

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_012309
NM_133266
NM_001379226

NM_001081370
NM_001113373

RefSeq (protein)

NP_036441
NP_573573
NP_001366155

NP_001074839
NP_001106844

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 70.47 – 71.25 MbChr 7: 143.56 – 143.98 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHANK2 gene.[5][6] Two alternative splice variants, encoding distinct isoforms, are reported. Additional splice variants exist but their full-length nature has not been determined.[6]

Function

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the Shank family of synaptic proteins that may function as molecular scaffolds in the postsynaptic density (PSD). Shank proteins contain multiple domains for protein-protein interaction, including ankyrin repeats, an SH3 domain, a PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 domain, a sterile alpha motif domain, and a proline-rich region. This particular family member contains a PDZ domain, a consensus sequence for cortactin SH3 domain-binding peptides and a sterile alpha motif. The alternative splicing demonstrated in Shank genes has been suggested as a mechanism for regulating the molecular structure of Shank and the spectrum of Shank-interacting proteins in the PSDs of adult and developing brain.[6]

It is thought that SHANK2 might play a role in synaptogenesis by attaching metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) to an existing pool of NMDA receptors (NMDA-R), bylinking to the NMDA-R through PSD-95, and the mGluRs through HOMER1.[7] An alternative hypothesis is that the Homer/Shank/GKAP/PSD-95 assembly mediates physical association of the NMDAR with IP3R/RYR and intracellular Ca2+ stores.

Interactions

SHANK2 has been shown to interact with:

Associations with neuropsychiatric disease

Mutations in SHANK2 have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia.[13] In particular, heterozygous loss-of-function mutations have a near-complete penetrance in ASD.[14] Neurons generated from people with ASD and SHANK2 mutations develop larger dendritic trees and more synaptic connections than those from healthy controls.[15] In addition, common mutations in SHANK2 have been linked to bipolar disorder.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000162105 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037541 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Lim S, Naisbitt S, Yoon J, Hwang JI, Suh PG, Sheng M, Kim E (October 1999). "Characterization of the Shank family of synaptic proteins. Multiple genes, alternative splicing, and differential expression in brain and development". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (41): 29510–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.41.29510. PMID 10506216.
  6. ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: SHANK2 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 2".
  7. ^ Boeckers TM, Bockmann J, Kreutz MR, Gundelfinger ED (June 2002). "ProSAP/Shank proteins - a family of higher order organizing molecules of the postsynaptic density with an emerging role in human neurological disease". Journal of Neurochemistry. 81 (5): 903–10. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00931.x. PMID 12065602. S2CID 19894590.
  8. ^ Park E, Na M, Choi J, Kim S, Lee JR, Yoon J, et al. (May 2003). "The Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins interacts with and promotes synaptic accumulation of the beta PIX guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (21): 19220–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301052200. PMID 12626503.
  9. ^ Du Y, Weed SA, Xiong WC, Marshall TD, Parsons JT (October 1998). "Identification of a novel cortactin SH3 domain-binding protein and its localization to growth cones of cultured neurons". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (10): 5838–51. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.10.5838. PMC 109170. PMID 9742101.
  10. ^ a b Naisbitt S, Valtschanoff J, Allison DW, Sala C, Kim E, Craig AM, et al. (June 2000). "Interaction of the postsynaptic density-95/guanylate kinase domain-associated protein complex with a light chain of myosin-V and dynein". The Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (12): 4524–34. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000. PMC 6772433. PMID 10844022.
  11. ^ a b Boeckers TM, Winter C, Smalla KH, Kreutz MR, Bockmann J, Seidenbecher C, et al. (October 1999). "Proline-rich synapse-associated proteins ProSAP1 and ProSAP2 interact with synaptic proteins of the SAPAP/GKAP family". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 247–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489. PMID 10527873.
  12. ^ Okamoto PM, Gamby C, Wells D, Fallon J, Vallee RB (December 2001). "Dynamin isoform-specific interaction with the shank/ProSAP scaffolding proteins of the postsynaptic density and actin cytoskeleton". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (51): 48458–65. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104927200. PMC 2715172. PMID 11583995.
  13. ^ Homann, O. H.; K. Misura; E. Lamas; R. W. Sandrock; P. Nelson; Stefan McDonough; Lynn E. DeLisi (December 2016). "Whole-Genome Sequencing in Multiplex Families with Psychoses Reveals Mutations in the SHANK2 and SMARCA1 Genes Segregating with Illness". Molecular Psychiatry. 21 (12): 1690–95. doi:10.1038/mp.2016.24. PMC 5033653. PMID 27001614.
  14. ^ Leblond CS, Nava C, Polge A, Gauthier J, Huguet G, Lumbroso S, et al. (September 2014). "Meta-analysis of SHANK Mutations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a gradient of severity in cognitive impairments". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004580. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004580. PMC 4154644. PMID 25188300.
  15. ^ Zaslavsky K, Zhang WB, McCready FP, Rodrigues DC, Deneault E, Loo C, et al. (April 2019). "SHANK2 mutations associated with autism spectrum disorder cause hyperconnectivity of human neurons". Nature Neuroscience. 22 (4): 556–564. doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0365-8. PMC 6475597. PMID 30911184.
  16. ^ Stahl EA, Breen G, Forstner AJ, McQuillin A, Ripke S, Trubetskoy V, et al. (May 2019). "Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder". Nature Genetics. 51 (5): 793–803. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8. PMC 6956732. PMID 31043756.

Further reading