Polyptoton

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Polyptoton /ˌpɒlɪpˈtoʊtɒn/ is the stylistic scheme in which different words derived from the same root (such as "strong" and "strength") are used together. A related stylistic device is antanaclasis, in which the same word is repeated, but each time with a different sense.^[1] Another related term is figura etymologica.^[2]

In inflected languages (such as Latin), polyptoton is the repetition of a word in different grammatical cases. One example of this can be found in the Latin forms of the Roman deity Jupiter, or "Iuppiter". The word appears in various cases as follows: "Iuppiter" (nominative), "Iovem" (accusative), "Iovis" (genitive), "Iovi" (dative), and "Iove" (ablative).

The form is relatively common in Latin Christian poetry and prose in a construction called the superlative genitive, in phrases such as sanctum sanctorum ("holy of holies"), and found its way into languages such as Old English, which naturally preferred the prevalent alliteration that is part and parcel of polyptoton—in fact, polyptoton is "much more prevalent in Old English verse than in Latin verse." The specific superlative genitive in Old English, however, occurs only in Latinate Christian poems, not in secular poetry.^[3]

It is also used in public speaking, and several examples can be found in Churchill's speeches.^[4]

G. K. Chesterton frequently employed this device to create paradox:

It is the same with all the powerful of to-day; it is the same, for instance, with the high-placed and high-paid official. Not only is the judge not judicial, but the arbiter is not even arbitrary.

— G.K. Chesterton, The Man on Top (1912)^[5]

In combination with verbal active and passive voices, it points out the idea of a latent reciprocity:

Judge not, that ye be not judged

— Matthew 7:1^[6]

An alternative way to use the device is to develop polyptoton over the course of an entire novel, which is done in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Shelley combines polyptoton with periphrastic naming, which is the technique of referring to someone using several indirect names. The creature in Frankenstein is referred to by many terms, such as "fiend", "devil", "being", and "ogre". However, the first term that Shelley uses in reference to the creature is "wretch". Throughout the novel, various forms of this are used, such as "wretchedly" and "wretchedness", which may be seen as polyptoton. According to Duyfhuizen, the gradual development of polyptoton in Frankenstein is significant because it symbolizes the intricacies of one's own identity.^[7]

• "Who shall watch the watchmen themselves?" (Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?) — Juvenal
• "Thou art of blood, joy not to make things bleed." — Sir Philip Sidney
• "With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder." — William Shakespeare, Richard II II,i,37
• "The Greeks are strong, and skillful to their strength / Fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant" — William Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida I, i, 7-8
• "Love is not love / Which alters when it alteration finds / Or bends with the remover to remove." — William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116
• "The greatest weakness of all weaknesses is to fear too much to appear weak." — Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
• "Do not listen to the reasoners; there has been too much reasoning in France, and reasoning has banished reason." — Joseph de Maistre, Considerations on France, criticizing the Cult of Reason during the French Revolution
• "People complain of the despotism of princes; they ought to complain of the despotism of man. We are all born despots." — Joseph de Maistre, Against Rousseau
• "Deep into that darkness peering / Long I stood there wondering, fearing / Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before." — Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven
• "The expropriators are expropriated." — Karl Marx, Das Kapital
• "To be ignorant of one’s ignorance is the malady of the ignorant." — Amos Bronson Alcott
• "Diamond me no diamonds, prize me no prizes…" — Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine
• "Absolute power corrupts absolutely." — Lord Acton
• "If we lose our sanity, we can but howl the lugubrious howl of idiots, the howl of the utterly lost howling their nowhereness." — D. H. Lawrence
• "The healthy man does not torture others—generally it is the tortured who turn into torturers." — Carl Jung
• "There is no end of it, the voiceless wailing / No end to the withering of withered flowers / To the movement of pain that is painless and motionless / To the drift of the sea and the drifting wreckage / The bone’s prayer to Death its God. Only the hardly, barely prayable / Prayer of the one Annunciation." — T. S. Eliot, The Dry Salvages
• "Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired." — Robert Frost
• "Not as a call to battle, though embattled we are." — John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961.
• "The young are generally full of revolt, and are often pretty revolting about it." — Mignon McLaughlin
• "What was done to me was monstrous. And they created a monster." — V in V for Vendetta
• "Secrets aren't secret. They're just hidden treasures, waiting to be exploited." — Stephen White, Dry Ice
• "I am a disciple of discipline!" — David Goggins
• "Can’t explain all the feelings that you’re making me feel." — The Darkness, I Believe in a Thing Called Love

• Antanaclasis
• Cognate object
• Figura etymologica
• Legal doublet

• Corbett, Edward P.J. Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. Oxford University Press, New York, 1971.
• Ward Farnsworth (2011). Farnsworth's Classical English Rhetoric. David R. Godine Publisher. pp. 63–73. ISBN 978-1-56792-385-8.
• Toswell, M. J. “Polyptoton in Old English Texts.” Early English Poetic Culture and Meter: The Influence of G. R. Russom, edited by M. J. Toswell and Lindy Brady, pp. 111–130. Medieval Institute Publications, Kalamazoo, 2016. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvvnccj.11.