Oliguria
Today, Oliguria is a topic of great relevance and interest to a wide spectrum of people. Whether due to its impact on society, its implications in daily life or its historical importance, Oliguria has become a key point of discussion in different areas. From its emergence to its evolution over time, Oliguria has captured the attention of academics, professionals, and the curious alike. In this article, we will explore different aspects related to Oliguria, from its origin to its current effects, with the intention of offering a comprehensive and enriching perspective on this very relevant topic.
 | This article or section appears to contradict itself on threshold for daily urine output qualifying as oliguria (variously given as 80-100mL/<400mL/<500mL in intro/Definition section). (May 2021) |
| Oliguria | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hypouresis |
| Specialty | Urology |
Oliguria or hypouresis is the low output of urine specifically more than 80 ml/day but less than 400ml/day.[1] The decreased output of urine may be a sign of dehydration, kidney failure, hypovolemic shock, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, urinary obstruction/urinary retention, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), pre-eclampsia, and urinary tract infections, among other conditions.
Beyond oliguria is anuria, which represents an absence of urine, clinically classified as below 80 or 100 ml/day.[1]
The term oliguria is derived from oligo-meaning "small, little," + -uria, from the Greek word ouron, meaning "urine".[2]
Definition
Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants,[3] less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children,[3] and less than 400 mL[3] or 500 mL[4] per 24h in adults - this equals 17 or 21 mL/hour. For example, in an adult weighing 70 kg it equals 0.24 or 0.3 mL/kg/h. Alternatively, however, the value of 0.5 mL/kg/h is commonly used to define oliguria in adults as well.[4]
Diagnostic approach
Perform ultrasound examination of the kidney to rule out obstructive processes.[citation needed]
The mechanisms causing oliguria can be categorized globally in three different categories:[citation needed]
- Prerenal: in response to hypoperfusion of the kidney (e.g. as a result of dehydration by poor oral intake, cardiogenic shock, diarrhea, G6PD deficiency, massive bleeding or sepsis)
- Renal: due to kidney damage (severe hypoperfusion, rhabdomyolysis, medication)
- Postrenal: as a consequence of obstruction of the urine flow (e.g. enlarged prostate, tumour compression urinary outflow, expanding hematoma or fluid collection)
Postoperative oliguria
Patients usually have a decrease in urine output after a major operation that may be a normal physiological response to:[citation needed]
- fluid/ blood loss – decreased glomerular filtration rate secondary to hypovolemia and/or hypotension
- response of adrenal cortex to stress-increase in aldosterone (Na and water retention) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release
Babies
Oliguria, when defined as less than 1 mL/kg/h, in infants is not attributed to kidney failure.[5]
See also
- Polyuria (excessive urine production)
- Anuria (absolute lack of urine output)
- Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS)
References
- ^ a b Boon, Nicholas A.; et al. (2006). Davidson's Principles & Practice of Medicine (20th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 475. ISBN 978-0-443-10057-4.
- ^ "Oliguria | Origin and meaning of oliguria by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
- ^ a b c Klahr S, Miller S (1998). "Acute oliguria". N Engl J Med. 338 (10): 671–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199803053381007. PMID 9486997. Free Full Text.
- ^ a b Merck manuals > Oliguria Last full review/revision March 2009 by Soumitra R. Eachempati
- ^ Arant B (1987). "Postnatal development of renal function during the first year of life". Pediatr Nephrol. 1 (3): 308–13. doi:10.1007/BF00849229. PMID 3153294. S2CID 9166918.