Kepler-69
Today we want to talk about Kepler-69, a topic that has gained relevance in recent years and that has generated great interest in society. Kepler-69 is an issue that affects people of all ages, genders and social classes, and its importance lies in the multiple aspects it covers. From its impact on the economy to its influence on culture and everyday life, Kepler-69 has become a central topic today. In this article, we will analyze different aspects related to Kepler-69, from its origin to its possible solutions, with the aim of offering a comprehensive and in-depth vision of this topic.
| Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Cygnus[1] |
| Right ascension | 19h 33m 02.6305s[2] |
| Declination | +44° 52′ 08.020″[2] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 13.7[1] |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | Main sequence |
| Spectral type | G4V[1] |
| Astrometry | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | −38.7±0.1[1] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) | RA: −9.713(16) mas/yr[2] Dec.: −6.683(15) mas/yr[2] |
| Parallax (π) | 1.3650±0.0122 mas[2] |
| Distance | 2,390 ± 20 ly (733 ± 7 pc) |
| Details | |
| Mass | 0.88+0.04 −0.03[3] M☉ |
| Radius | 1.20±0.05[3] R☉ |
| Luminosity | 1.57[4] L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 4.37±0.11[5] cgs |
| Temperature | 5,784±36[5] K |
| Metallicity | −0.29±0.15[1] dex |
| Age | 12.7+2.4 −1.3[3] Gyr |
| Other designations | |
| KIC 8692861, KOI-172 | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | data |
Kepler-69 (KOI-172, 2MASS J19330262+4452080, KIC 8692861) is a G-type main-sequence star similar to the Sun in the constellation Cygnus, located about 2,390 ly (730 pc) from Earth. On April 18, 2013 it was announced that the star has two planets.[1][6] Although initial estimates indicated that the terrestrial planet Kepler-69c might be within the star's habitable zone, further analysis showed that the planet very likely is interior to the habitable zone and is far more analogous to Venus than to Earth and thus completely inhospitable.[7]
Nomenclature and history
Prior to Kepler observation, Kepler-69 had the 2MASS catalogue number 2MASS J19330262+4452080. In the Kepler Input Catalog it has the designation of KIC 8692861, and when it was found to have transiting planet candidates it was given the Kepler object of interest number of KOI-172.
The star's planets were discovered by NASA's Kepler Mission, a mission tasked with discovering planets in transit around their stars. The transit method that Kepler uses involves detecting dips in brightness in stars. These dips in brightness can be interpreted as planets whose orbits move in front of their stars from the perspective of Earth. The name Kepler-69 derives directly from the fact that the star is the catalogued 69th star discovered by Kepler to have confirmed planets.
The designations b, c derive from the order of discovery. The designation of b is given to the first planet orbiting a given star, followed by the other lowercase letters of the alphabet.[8] In the case of Kepler-69, all of the known planets in the system were discovered at one time, so b is applied to the closest planet to the star and c to the farthest.
Stellar characteristics
Kepler-69 is a G4 star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168 K and is 9.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K and is 4.6 billion years old.[9]
The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.7.[1] Therefore, Kepler-69 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye.
Planetary system
Kepler-69 has two known planets orbiting around it.[1] Kepler-69b is a hot super-Earth-sized exoplanet. Kepler-69c is a super-Earth-sized exoplanet, about 2.2 times larger than Earth. It receives a similar amount of flux from its star as Venus does from the Sun, and is thus a likely candidate for a super-Venus.[7] Newer measurements suggest higher planetary radii than previous estimates: 2.80 and 2.17 R🜨 for Kepler 69 b and c respectively,[10] in contrast with the earlier estimate from Barclay et al. (2013): 2.24 and 1.71 R🜨.[1]
| Companion (in order from star) |
Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) |
Orbital period (days) |
Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | — | 0.1105+0.0027 −0.0026 |
13.722341+0.000035 −0.000036 |
0.16+0.17 −0.0010 |
89.62+0.26 −0.45° |
2.80+0.09 −0.07 R🜨 |
| c | 2.14 M🜨 | 0.7494+0.0184 −0.0173 |
242.4613+0.0059 −0.0064 |
0.14+0.18 −0.10 |
85.85+0.03 −0.08° |
2.17+0.02 −0.08 R🜨 |
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Barclay, Thomas; et al. (2013). "A super-Earth-sized planet orbiting in or near the habitable zone around Sun-like star". The Astrophysical Journal. 768 (2): 101. arXiv:1304.4941. Bibcode:2013ApJ...768..101B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/2/101. S2CID 51490784.
- ^ a b c d Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b c Petigura, Erik A.; Rogers, James G.; Isaacson, Howard; Owen, James E.; Kraus, Adam L.; Winn, Joshua N.; MacDougall, Mason G.; Howard, Andrew W.; Fulton, Benjamin; Kosiarek, Molly R.; Weiss, Lauren M.; Behmard, Aida; Blunt, Sarah (2022-04-01). "The California-Kepler Survey. X. The Radius Gap as a Function of Stellar Mass, Metallicity, and Age". The Astronomical Journal. 163 (4): 179. arXiv:2201.10020. Bibcode:2022AJ....163..179P. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac51e3. ISSN 0004-6256. Kepler-69's database entry at VizieR.
- ^ Stassun, Keivan G.; Oelkers, Ryan J.; Paegert, Martin; Torres, Guillermo; Pepper, Joshua; De Lee, Nathan; Collins, Kevin; Latham, David W.; Muirhead, Philip S.; Chittidi, Jay; Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara; Fleming, Scott W.; Rose, Mark E.; Tenenbaum, Peter; Ting, Eric B. (2019-10-01). "The Revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (4): 138. arXiv:1905.10694. Bibcode:2019AJ....158..138S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3467. ISSN 0004-6256. Kepler-69's database entry at VizieR.
- ^ a b Martinez, Cintia F.; Cunha, Katia; Ghezzi, Luan; Smith, Verne V. (2019-04-01). "A Spectroscopic Analysis of the California-Kepler Survey Sample. I. Stellar Parameters, Planetary Radii, and a Slope in the Radius Gap". The Astrophysical Journal. 875 (1): 29. arXiv:1903.00174. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875...29M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0d93. ISSN 0004-637X. Kepler-69's database entry at VizieR.
- ^ Johnson, Michele; Harrington, J.D. (18 April 2013). "NASA's Kepler Discovers Its Smallest 'Habitable Zone' Planets to Date". NASA. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ a b c Kane, Stephen; et al. (2013). "A Potential Super-Venus in the Kepler-69 System". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 770 (2): L20. arXiv:1305.2933. Bibcode:2013ApJ...770L..20K. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/770/2/L20. S2CID 9808447.
- ^ Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 .
- ^ Fraser Cain (15 September 2008). "Temperature of the Sun". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ a b c Berger, Travis A.; Huber, Daniel; Gaidos, Eric; van Saders, Jennifer L.; Weiss, Lauren M. (2020-09-01). "The Gaia-Kepler Stellar Properties Catalog. II. Planet Radius Demographics as a Function of Stellar Mass and Age". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 108. arXiv:2005.14671. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..108B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba18a. ISSN 0004-6256. Kepler-69's database entry at VizieR.
