Insulin/IGF/Relaxin family

Insulin/IGF/Relaxin family is a topic that has been the subject of debate and reflection throughout history. From its origin to the present, this topic has aroused the interest of experts and fans, generating discussions in various areas. Over the years, Insulin/IGF/Relaxin family has undergone significant changes, both in its perception and in its impact on society. In this article, we will explore the different aspects related to Insulin/IGF/Relaxin family, analyzing its evolution over time and its relevance today. In addition, we will examine the different perspectives and approaches that have been addressed in relation to this topic, with the aim of offering a comprehensive and enriching vision.

Insulin/IGF/Relaxin family
PDB rendering based on 1ai0.
Identifiers
SymbolInsulin
PfamPF00049
Pfam clanCL0239
InterProIPR004825
PROSITEPDOC00235
SCOP21cph / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary
PDB1a7f​, 1ai0​, 1aiy​, 1aph​, 1b17​, 1b18​, 1b19​, 1b2a​, 1b2b​, 1b2c​, 1b2d​, 1b2e​, 1b2f​, 1b2g​, 1b9e​, 1b9g​, 1ben​, 1bom​, 1bon​, 1bph​, 1bqt​, 1cph​, 1dei​, 1dph​, 1efe​, 1ev3​, 1ev6​, 1evr​, 1g7a​, 1guj​, 1gzr​, 1gzy​, 1gzz​, 1h02​, 1h59​, 1hiq​, 1his​, 1hit​, 1hls​, 1ho0​, 1htv​, 1hui​, 1igl​, 1imx​, 1iog​, 1ioh​, 1iza​, 1izb​, 1j73​, 1jca​, 1jco​, 1k3m​, 1kmf​, 1lkq​, 1lph​, 1m5a​, 1mhi​, 1mhj​, 1mpj​, 1mso​, 1os3​, 1os4​, 1pid​, 1pmx​, 1qiy​, 1qiz​, 1qj0​, 1sdb​, 1sf1​, 1sjt​, 1sju​, 1t1k​, 1t1p​, 1t1q​, 1tgr​, 1trz​, 1tyl​, 1tym​, 1vkt​, 1wav​, 1wqj​, 1xda​, 1xgl​, 1zeg​, 1zeh​, 1zei​, 1zni​, 1znj​, 2aiy​, 2dsp​, 2dsq​, 2dsr​, 2gf1​, 2hiu​, 2ins​, 2tci​, 3aiy​, 3gf1​, 3lri​, 3mth​, 4aiy​, 4ins​, 5aiy​, 6rlx​, 7ins​, 9ins​

The insulin/IGF/relaxin family is a group of evolutionary related proteins which possess a variety of hormonal activities.[1] In humans, these proteins are included into two subsets:

1) insulin and insulin-like growth factors[2]

2) relaxin family peptides:

Structure

These proteins are characterized by having three disulfide bonds in a characteristic motif. Some family members have an additional disulfide bond also in a conserved location. All of these proteins have a helical segment (corresponding to B chain in insulin) followed by a variable-length chain, followed by a domain (A chain in insulin) with two helices pinned against each other via a disulfide bond. These two regions are linked by two or three disulfide bonds.

Amongst the different proteins in the family, very little of the sequence is conserved except for the disulfide bonds. The variable-length chains may exhibit large inter-species variation even when the remainder of the sequence is highly conserved; and as is in the case of insulin, sometimes the variable length chain is cleaved out by secretory endoproteases, leaving a two-chain protein held together by disulfide bonds.

See also

References

  1. ^ Blundell TL, Humbel RE (October 1980). "Hormone families: pancreatic hormones and homologous growth factors". Nature. 287 (5785): 781–7. Bibcode:1980Natur.287..781B. doi:10.1038/287781a0. PMID 6107857. S2CID 4325746.
  2. ^ Humbel RE (July 1990). "Insulin-like growth factors I and II". European Journal of Biochemistry. 190 (3): 445–62. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15595.x. PMID 2197088.
  3. ^ Adham IM, Burkhardt E, Benahmed M, Engel W (December 1993). "Cloning of a cDNA for a novel insulin-like peptide of the testicular Leydig cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (35): 26668–72. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74364-6. PMID 8253799. Archived from the original on 2003-11-15. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  4. ^ Chassin D, Laurent A, Janneau JL, Berger R, Bellet D (September 1995). "Cloning of a new member of the insulin gene superfamily (INSL4) expressed in human placenta". Genomics. 29 (2): 465–70. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.9980. PMID 8666396.


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