Halley Armada

This article will address the issue of Halley Armada, which has become very relevant in recent times. Halley Armada is a topic that impacts a large number of people in different areas of life, whether professional, personal, social or cultural. Throughout this article, different aspects related to Halley Armada will be explored, from its origin and evolution to its possible future implications. Different perspectives and opinions on the matter will also be analyzed, with the aim of offering a complete and enriching vision of this topic of great interest to today's society.

Halley's Comet in 1986

The Halley Armada is the name of a series of space probes, five of which were successful, sent to examine Halley's Comet during its 1986 sojourn through the inner Solar System,[1] connected with apparition "1P/1982 U1". The armada included one probe from the European Space Agency, two probes that were joint projects between the Soviet Union and France and two probes from the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science in Japan. Notably, NASA did not contribute a probe to the Halley Armada.

Main space probes

Vega probe model

Probes involved (in order of closest approach)

  • Giotto (596 km), the first space probe to get close-up color images of the nucleus of a comet. (ESA)
  • Vega 2 (8,030 km), which dropped a balloon probe and lander on Venus before going on to Halley. (USSR/France Intercosmos)
  • Vega 1 (8,889 km), which dropped a balloon probe and lander on Venus before going on to Halley. (USSR/France Intercosmos)
  • Suisei (151,000 km), also known as PLANET-A. Data from Sakigake was used to improve upon Suisei for its dedicated mission to study Halley. (ISAS)
  • Sakigake (6.99 million km), Japan's first probe to leave the Earth system, mainly a test of interplanetary mission technology. (ISAS)

Without the measurements from the other space probes, Giotto's closest distance would have been 4,000 km instead of the 596 km achieved.

Chronological order of each of the probes' flybys (date of closest approach)

Other missions

Other space probes had their instruments examining Halley's Comet:

  • Pioneer 7 was launched on August 17, 1966. It was put into heliocentric orbit with a mean distance of 1.1 AU to study the solar magnetic field, the solar wind, and cosmic rays at widely separated points in solar orbit. On 20 March 1986, the spacecraft flew within 12.3 million kilometers of Halley's Comet and monitored the interaction between the cometary hydrogen tail and the solar wind.[1]
  • Pioneer Venus Orbiter in orbit of Venus, was positioned perfectly to take measurements of Halley's Comet during its perihelion February 9, 1986. Its UV-spectrometer observed the water loss when Halley's Comet was difficult to observe from the Earth.[2]
  • International Cometary Explorer, which was repurposed as a cometary probe in 1982 and visited Comet Giacobini-Zinner in 1985, transited between the Sun and Halley's Comet in late March 1986 and took measurements.[1]

Failed and cancelled missions

The Space Shuttle Challenger, on its launch on January 28, 1986, was carrying SPARTAN-203 with the mission to make observations of Halley's Comet. STS-51L failed to reach orbit, resulting in the total loss of crew and vehicle. That launch failure resulted in the cancellation of dozens of subsequent shuttle missions, including the next scheduled launch, STS-61-E, planned for March 6, 1986, with a payload including the ASTRO-1 observatory, which was intended to make astronomical observations of Halley's Comet.

The International Comet Mission, consisting of a carrier NASA probe and a smaller European probe based on the ISEE-2 design, with the intention that the American probe would release the European probe towards Halley for a close flyby, before going on to explore Comet 10P/Tempel itself.[3] The NASA probe was cancelled November 1979.[4]

Presumed observations from space

  • Any observations of Halley's Comet made by the crew of Soyuz T-15, which made the first trip to the Mir space station and the last to Salyut 7 in March 1986, are unknown.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Halley Comet Missions" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Pioneer Venus Observations during Comet Halley's Inferior Conjunction" (PDF). University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  3. ^ Calder, Nigel (1992). Giotto to the Comets. London: Presswork. pp. 25–28. ISBN 0-9520115-0-6.
  4. ^ Hughes, David W (2006). "The Giotto-Halley 20th anniversary". Astronomy and Geophysics. 47 (1): 1.27 – 1.28. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2006.47127.x. ISSN 1366-8781.