George Jackson (activist)

Today, George Jackson (activist) is a topic of interest and debate in different areas. Its relevance has transcended borders, generating all types of opinions and positions. Both in the academic field and in the public sphere, George Jackson (activist) has captured the attention of specialists and the general public. This phenomenon has sparked growing interest in understanding its implications and consequences, as well as in seeking solutions and alternatives to address it effectively. In this article, we will explore different perspectives and approaches related to George Jackson (activist), in order to analyze its impact and offer a more comprehensive view on this topic.

For other people named George Jackson, see George Jackson (disambiguation).
George Jackson
Born
George Lester Jackson

(1941-09-23)September 23, 1941
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedAugust 21, 1971(1971-08-21) (aged 29)
San Quentin, California, U.S.
Cause of deathGunshot wounds
Resting placeBethel Cemetery, Mount Vernon, Illinois[1]
Known forPrison activist[2] and co-founder of the Black Guerrilla Family
Notable workSoledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson
Blood in My Eye
Parent(s)Lester and Georgia Bea Jackson
RelativesJonathan P. Jackson (brother)

George Lester Jackson (September 23, 1941 – August 21, 1971) was an American author, prisoner, and revolutionary. While serving an indeterminate sentence for stealing $70 at gunpoint from a gas station in 1960, Jackson became involved in the Black power movement and co-founded an ultra-leftist prison gang, the Black Guerrilla Family.[3]

In 1970, he was one of three prisoners dubbed the Soledad Brothers. They were charged with the murder at Soledad Prison of correctional officer John V. Mills, allegedly in retaliation for the shooting deaths of three black inmates by a white prison guard several days prior. Also in 1970, Jackson published Soledad Brother, a collection of his letters that comprised a combination autobiography and manifesto addressed primarily to an African-American audience, but which was embraced by radicals around the world. The book was a bestseller and earned Jackson international fame.[4]

In August 1971, Jackson was killed by prison guards during an escape attempt at San Quentin State Prison, in which three guards and two inmates were killed. Jackson never went to trial for the Mills murder.

Biography

Born in Chicago, Illinois, George was the second son among the five children of Lester and Georgia Bea Jackson. In a letter written in June 1970, George recalled the following about his parents and early childhood:

My mother was a country girl from Harrisburg, Illinois. My father was born in East St. Louis, Illinois. They met in Chicago, and were living on Lake Street near Racine when I was born. It was in one of the oldest sections of Chicago, part ghetto residential, part factory. The el train passed a few yards from our front windows (the only windows really). There were factories across the street and garage shops on the bottom level of our flat. I felt right in the middle of things.[5]

As a young teen, George began getting into legal trouble while his family lived in the housing projects of Chicago. In the hope of placing him in a better environment, Lester Jackson transferred his U.S. Post Office job to Los Angeles in 1956.[5] He and George drove cross-country and initially stayed in Watts, and then settled in Pasadena where the rest of the family joined them.[6] The relocation to L.A. did not end George's clashes with the law. At age 15, he was sent to prison reformatory for driving without a license.[7] He also had juvenile convictions for armed robbery, assault, and burglary, and spent time in the California Youth Authority Corrections facility in Paso Robles.[8]

In 1960, at age 18, he was convicted of participating in the armed robbery at gunpoint of $70 from a gas station.[9] He was sentenced to one year to life in prison.[10] The judge pointed to Jackson's previous arrests as justification for the harsh sentence. Jackson would remain in prison until his death.[10]

During his first years at San Quentin, Jackson involved himself in revolutionary activity. He was characterized by white prison officials as egocentric and anti-social.[11] In 1966, he befriended W. L. Nolen, who introduced him to Marxist and Maoist political thought, which was the ideological basis for the Black Guerrilla Family that the two prisoners founded that year.[12] In speaking of his ideological transformation, Jackson remarked: "I met Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, Engels, and Mao when I entered prison and they redeemed me."[13] In Blood in My Eye (1972), Jackson labeled himself a "Marxist-Leninist-Maoist-Fanonist".[14]

As Jackson's disciplinary infractions grew, he spent more time in lock-up and solitary confinement. He developed into an autodidact who read extensively and studied political economy and radical theory.[4] He also wrote many letters to friends and supporters, which would later be edited and compiled into the books Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson, and the posthumously published Blood in My Eye. Soledad Brother was an instant bestseller and brought Jackson a great deal of attention from leftist organizers and intellectuals in the U.S. and Europe. He amassed enthusiastic prison followers, including some whites and Latinos in addition to other black inmates.[15]

At the beginning of 1969, Jackson and Nolen were transferred from San Quentin to Soledad Prison.[16] On January 13, 1970, corrections officer Opie G. Miller shot and killed Nolen and two other black prisoners (Cleveland Edwards and Alvin Miller) during a yard riot with members of the Aryan Brotherhood. Officer Miller, regarded as an expert marksman, was stationed in the guard tower overlooking the yard. His first three rifle shots killed the three black inmates; his fourth shot wounded a white inmate.[17] After Nolen's death, Jackson became increasingly confrontational with corrections officials; he spoke often about the need to protect fellow inmates and take revenge on prison guards, employing what Jackson called "selective retaliatory violence".[18]

On January 17, 1970, Jackson, Fleeta Drumgo, and John Clutchette were charged with murdering corrections officer John Vincent Mills, who was beaten and thrown from the third floor of Soledad's "Y" wing.[19] This was a capital offense and a successful conviction would have put Jackson in the gas chamber. Mills was purportedly killed in retaliation for the recent shooting deaths by Officer Miller of the three black Soledad inmates. Miller was never indicted, as a grand jury decided that his actions during the prison fight constituted justifiable homicide.[20]

Jackson, Drumgo, and Clutchette were soon known as the Soledad Brothers. Various political activists worked to exonerate the three men, who were viewed as political prisoners being punished based on their race.[21] The activists also wanted to bring attention to the disproportionate rates at which people of color were incarcerated in the U.S., and to the socioeconomic factors that led to their imprisonment in the first place. Francis Carney describes how the fate of the Soledad Brothers grew into a leftist cause célèbre akin to the Scottsboro Boys in the 1930s:

The state's case against them seemed flimsy, trumped-up. Jackson and another Brother, Fleeta Drumgo, had been spreading radical ideas in the prison, were becoming heroes there. Had the state, fearing revolt in the prisons, tried to frame the Brothers, pin a flimsy murder rap on them, and execute them to get them out of the way and cow the inmates with their example? Thousands believed that this was so.[4]

The Soledad Brothers Defense Committee was formed by Fay Stender and had many famous writers and celebrities support and join the committee. Among them was Angela Davis. She would become committee co-chairperson and a close friend of Jackson.[22][23] They corresponded frequently, and he sent her his manuscript for Soledad Brother, asking her to read it and help him improve it.[24]

Marin County courthouse incident

Main article: Marin County courthouse incident

On August 7, 1970, George Jackson's 17-year-old brother Jonathan P. Jackson burst into a Marin County courtroom with an automatic weapon, freed prisoners James McClain, William A. Christmas and Ruchell Magee, and took Judge Harold Haley, Deputy District Attorney Gary Thomas, and three jurors hostage to demand the release of the "Soledad Brothers". Police killed Haley, Jackson, Christmas and McClain as they attempted to drive away from the courthouse. Eyewitness testimony suggests Haley was hit by a bullet discharged from a sawed-off shotgun that had been fastened to his neck with adhesive tape by the abductors. Thomas, Magee and one of the jurors were wounded.[25] The case made national headlines.[26][27]

Angela Davis, who owned the weapons used in the hostage taking, was later acquitted of conspiracy, kidnapping, and murder. A possible explanation for the gun connection is that Jonathan Jackson was her bodyguard. Magee, the sole survivor among the attackers, eventually pleaded guilty to aggravated kidnapping and was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1975.[28][29] He was freed in 2023 under California's compassionate release law, which was expanded at the start of that year.[30]

Prison escape attempt and death

On August 21, 1971, Jackson met with attorney Stephen Bingham at San Quentin Prison to discuss a civil lawsuit which Jackson had filed against the California Department of Corrections. After the meeting, Jackson was being escorted by officer Urbano Rubiaco back to his cell when Rubiaco noticed a metallic object in Jackson's hair, later revealed to be a wig, and ordered him to remove it. Jackson then pulled a Spanish Astra 9 mm pistol from beneath the wig and said: "Gentlemen, the dragon has come"—a reference to Ho Chi Minh.[31] It is not clear how Jackson obtained the gun.[32] Bingham, who lived for 13 years as a fugitive before returning to the United States to face trial, was acquitted of charges that he smuggled a gun to Jackson.[33]

Jackson ordered Rubiaco to open all the cells and along with several other inmates, he overpowered the remaining correction officers and took them, along with two inmates, hostage. A total of five hostages—officers Jere Graham, Frank DeLeon, and Paul Krasnes, along with two white prisoners—were killed and found in Jackson's cell. Three other officers, Rubiaco, Kenneth McCray, and Charles Breckenridge, were shot and stabbed, but survived.[34] After finding the keys for the Adjustment Center's exit, Jackson along with fellow inmate and close friend Johnny Spain escaped to the yard where Jackson was shot dead from a tower and Spain surrendered.[35][36]

Three inmates were acquitted and three (David Johnson, Johnny Spain, and Hugo Pinell) were convicted for the murders.[37] The six became known as the "San Quentin Six".[38]

There is some evidence that Jackson and his supporters on the outside had planned the escape for several weeks. Three days before the escape attempt, Jackson rewrote his will, leaving all royalties as well as control of his legal defense fund to the Black Panther Party.[39]

In the immediate aftermath of his death, The New York Times reported that:

Mrs. Georgia Jackson, mother of the dead prisoner, raised a question that in some way the prison authorities had been responsible for Jackson's escape attempt and death. "I can tell you exactly what happened," Mrs. Jackson said. "They set him up to kill him and they killed him. They'd been trying for 10 and 1/2 years to do it and they did it." Warden Nelson denied that any prison officer would have taken part in such a plan. He pointed out that the escape attempt had left three guards dead and three others wounded. "If it was set up, it was set up by people on the outside," the warden said. "He was victim of their and his beliefs."[40]

In an opinion column published the next day, Tom Wicker acknowledged George Jackson as a "talented writer, a sensitive man, a potential leader and political thinker of great persuasiveness". But Wicker added that Mrs. Jackson's allegation about her son being murdered in a "set up" was symptomatic of "the view in the black ghetto, where authority—mostly white—is deeply mistrusted."[41]

George Jackson's funeral was held at St. Augustine's Episcopal Church in Oakland, California, on August 28, 1971.[42]

Several notable artists and entertainers have dedicated their work to Jackson's memory or created works based on his life. The avant-garde jazz group Art Ensemble of Chicago, affiliates of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians, recorded and released the album A Jackson in Your House in Paris, France, in 1969. A non-album single was released by Bob Dylan, "George Jackson", about the life and death of Jackson. The song made the American charts peaking at No. 33 in January 1972.[43] The ninth track of the 2011 Blue Scholars album Cinemetropolis is named for Jackson and references the Soledad Brothers.

Jackson and his attempted prison escape are the subjects of the first verse of the Joan Baez parody song, "Pull the Tregroes," on National Lampoon's 1972 album Radio Dinner.

Steel Pulse, an English reggae band from Birmingham wrote a song named "Uncle George" that contains a chorus of "Soledad Brother". The song comes from the band's album Tribute To The Martyrs (1979), which also honours other Black civil rights activists including Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr. and Steve Biko.

The 1994 song "Jettin'" by the hip-hop trio Digable Planets references George Jackson as one of their black revolutionary heroes who died in prison.[44]

Ja Rule named his 2003 album Blood in My Eye after Jackson's book. Saxophone player Archie Shepp dedicated most of his album Attica Blues (1972) to the story of George Jackson ("Blues for Brother George Jackson") and the Attica prison riots that followed.

Stephen Jay Gould wrote, in his 1981 book The Mismeasure of Man, of George Jackson's death in context of "statistically supported" social Darwinism. Quoting Gould about the legacy of failed science which supported racial bigotry and physiognomy: "George Jackson ... died under Lombroso's legacy, trying to escape after eleven years (eight and a half in solitary) of an indeterminate one-year-to-life sentence for stealing seventy dollars from a gas station."[45]

Jackson's life, beliefs and ultimate fate were the topic of one of the many audio tapes recorded at the Jonestown commune in Guyana during 1978. In the tape in question, Jim Jones touches on several issues relating to Jackson, most notably Jones' firm belief that Jackson's death was a racist assassination. His admiration for the Black Panther activist on the tape is as clear as his disgust that one of his followers, Willie Malone, could think he was remotely in the same league as Jackson, and that it was "punks" like Malone who had sold Jackson out. [46]

Stanley Williams dedicated his 1998 book Life in Prison in part to George Jackson. In Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's response to Williams' appeal for clemency, the governor claimed that this dedication was "a significant indicator that Williams is not reformed and that he still sees violence and lawlessness as a legitimate means to address societal problems."[47]

"Soulja's Story" is a song by rapper 2Pac (Tupac Shakur), released on the 1991 album 2pacalypse Now, which makes reference to the Marin County Civic Center attacks. Shakur was the nephew of Black power revolutionary and fugitive, Assata Shakur.

The 2007 film Black August is a retelling of the last 14 months of Jackson's life.[48]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ouagadougou, Mbutu A. (May 12, 2022). The Black Guerrilla Family 1966 – 1971: The Violent History of California's Most Notorious Prison Gang. Plebiscite Publishing Company. p. 216. ISBN 979-8808864979.
  2. ^ Murrin, John; Paul E. Johnson; James M. McPherson (2008). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Compact. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 1136. ISBN 978-0-495-50243-2.
  3. ^ Cummins, Eric (1994). The Rise and Fall of California's Radical Prison Movement. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-8047-2231-5. OCLC 28112851.
  4. ^ a b c Carney, Francis (November 28, 1974). "George Jackson and His Legend". The New York Review of Books.
  5. ^ a b Armstrong, Greg (October 8, 1970). "Soledad Brother: Two Prison Letters from George Jackson". The New York Review of Books. This autobiographical excerpt is from a letter Jackson wrote to his editor, Greg Armstrong, on June 10, 1970. The full text of the letter can also be found in Soledad Brother.
  6. ^ Aptheker, Bettina (1999) . The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis (2nd ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0801470134.
  7. ^ Aptheker 1999, p. 7.
  8. ^ Cummins 1994, p. 155.
  9. ^ Aptheker 1999, p. 7: "He bought an old car. He took someone he knew for a ride. His acquaintance asked George to stop at a gas station. George stopped. The fellow got out, went inside the station, held up the attendant (for $70.00), came out and told George to 'get going'."
  10. ^ a b Berger, Dan (September 7, 2014). "America's fortress of blood: The death of George Jackson and the birth of the prison-industrial complex". Salon.
  11. ^ Cummins 1994, p. 156.
  12. ^ James, Joy (2003). Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-0742520271.
  13. ^ Jackson, George (1994). Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson. Chicago Review Press. p. 16. ISBN 1613742894.
  14. ^ Jackson, George (1990) . Blood in My Eye. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-933121-23-2. OCLC 21961314.
  15. ^ Cummins 1994, p. 157.
  16. ^ James, p. 85.
  17. ^ Aptheker 1999, p. 5.
  18. ^ Cummins 1994, p. 164.
  19. ^ Cummins 1994, p. 165.
  20. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Day of the Gun: George Jackson". YouTube. November 18, 2007.
  21. ^ Scott, Austin (October 18, 1970). "New Rebellion Brewing Inside Nation's Prisons". The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Associated Press.
  22. ^ Davis, Angela (2023). Angela Davis: An Autobiography (3rd ed.). Haymarket Books. pp. 233–234.
  23. ^ Aptheker 1999, p. 11: Aptheker writes that sometime during the middle of 1970, Davis and Jackson fell in love with each other.
  24. ^ Davis 2023, p. 234.
  25. ^ "Justice: A Bad Week for the Good Guys". Time. August 17, 1970. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  26. ^ "George Jackson on his brother Jonathan". News footage from August 15, 1970, featuring an interview with Jackson in which he reflects on the death of his brother Jonathan.
  27. ^ Abedje, Almaz (August 25, 2022). "Black August uplifted as alternative Black History Month". WTNH. Retrieved December 26, 2024. The 1994 edition of Soledad Brother includes a Foreword written by George Jackson's nephew, Jonathan P. Jackson, Jr.
  28. ^ Fosburgh, Lacey (January 24, 1975). "Ruchell Magee, Once Angela Davis' Co-Defendant, Gets Life for Kidnapping". The New York Times. p. 38.
  29. ^ Chimurenga, Thandisizwe (October 11, 2021). "Sirhan Sirhan murdered a Kennedy. He could spend less time in prison than this California man". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 15, 2023. Counting the earlier time he had served, Ruchell Magee would end up being imprisoned for over 65 years.
  30. ^ Marks, Claude (July 28, 2023). "Ruchell Cinque Magee was just released from prison after 67 years caged!". San Francisco Bay View. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  31. ^ Andrews, Lori (1999). Black Power, White Blood: The Life and Times of Johnny Spain. Temple University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-1566397506.
  32. ^ Turner, Wallace (September 3, 1971). "Two Desperate Hours: How George Jackson Died". The New York Times. p. 1.
  33. ^ "San Quentin profile", Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1986.
  34. ^ Cummins 1994, p. 209.
  35. ^ Andrews, pp. 162–163.
  36. ^ "Attempted Escape At San Quentin Leaves Six Dead". Bangor Daily News. Bangor, Maine. UPI. August 23, 1971. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
  37. ^ "Costly San Quentin 6 Trial Ends With 3 Convictions", Milwaukee Journal, August 13, 1976.
  38. ^ Bernstein, Lee (2010). "The Age of Jackson: George Jackson and the Radical Critique of Incarceration". America is the Prison: Arts and Politics in Prison in the 1970s. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780807871171. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  39. ^ Cummins 1994, p. 158.
  40. ^ Turner, Wallace (August 23, 1971). "Warden Tells of Gun". The New York Times. p. 1.
  41. ^ Wicker, Tom (August 24, 1971). "Death of a Brother". The New York Times. p. 37.
  42. ^ Newton, Huey (2009) . Revolutionary Suicide. Penguin Books. pp. 335–337. ISBN 978-0143105329.
  43. ^ "Casey Kesem American Top 40". January 8, 1972. Archived from the original on October 23, 2004.
  44. ^ "Jettin' - Blowout Comb - Digable Planets". Genius. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  45. ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man: The definitive refutation to the argument of the Bell Curve, revised and expanded. New York: Norton. p. 172. ISBN 0-393-31425-1.
  46. ^ "Q734 Transcript". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and People's Temple. "Jones: (Angry) Don’t you dirty the name of George Jackson– Don’t you–! Don’t you dirty the name of George Jackson. If George Jackson had had this movement, he’d be alive! Don’t you dirty his name. You’re not worthy of his goddamned name. Don’t you speak his name, you prick! Don’t you mention it, because this organization would’ve saved George Jackson! It’s pricks like you that sold him down the river that caused him to be dead! You’re not a George Jackson, you’re a punk!"
  47. ^ Schwarzenegger, Arnold. "Statement of Decision" (PDF). New York Times.
  48. ^ Finkelman, Paul (2009). Encyclopedia of African American History: 5-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0195167795.

Further reading

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Writings, interviews and advocacy of his views