Frentani

The issue of Frentani is a highly relevant issue today, as it affects a wide range of people in different contexts. Throughout history, Frentani has been the subject of debate and controversy, and its impact extends to multiple areas of society. This is why it is essential to analyze in detail the different facets of Frentani, from its origins to its current situation, to fully understand its implications and find possible solutions. In this article, we will address different aspects related to Frentani, offering a comprehensive and exhaustive view on this topic that is so relevant today.

The territory of the Frentani according to the Historical Atlas, just north to the Samnium.

Frentani were an Italic people who inhabited the southeastern coast of the Italian Peninsula during the first millennium BCE. Closely related to the Samnites, the Frentani occupied a region between the Apennine Mountains and the Adriatic Sea, bounded by Apulia to the south and the Marrucini to the north. Although often described as a Samnite offshoot, the Frentani developed a distinct political identity and played a notable role in the military and political history of central Italy during the Roman Republic.[1]

Territory

The territory of the Frentani extended from the southern banks of the river Sagrus (modern Sangro) to the northern banks of the river Tifernus (modern Biferno), encompassing a coastal and hilly inland zone. Their land was bounded to the west by the central Apennines and to the east by the Adriatic Sea. The region lacked natural harbors, though minor anchorages existed at the mouths of several rivers and at coastal promontories such as Termoli and Punta della Penna.[2] Ancient sources differ on the exact boundaries of the Frentanian territory. While Strabo and Ptolemy placed the northern limit at the Sagrus,[3] Pliny the Elder extended it to the river Aternus (modern Pescara), and Pomponius Mela added that they held the mouths of both the Aternus and Matrinus—likely in error.[4] Strabo clarifies that the Marrucini controlled the right bank of the Aternus, and the Vestini the left.[5]

Political and military history

The Frentani are classified by Strabo as a Samnite people,[6] though by the fourth century BCE they functioned as an independent tribal entity. They first appear in Roman historical records in 319 BCE, when they were defeated by the Roman consul Lucius Papirius Cursor and subsequently submitted to Roman authority.[7] By the end of the Second Samnite War in 304 BCE, the Frentani, along with several neighboring tribes, voluntarily sought alliance with Rome.[8] Thereafter, they remained loyal Roman allies, contributing troops during the Pyrrhic War, where a Frentanian officer, Oblacus Volsinius, was noted for bravery at the Battle of Heraclea.[9]

Their allegiance persisted through the Second Punic War, when they continued to support Rome following the defeat at Cannae in 216 BCE, in contrast to other Samnite communities that defected to Hannibal.[10] Nevertheless, the Frentani joined the pan-Italic revolt during the Social War (91–88 BCE), though they played a relatively minor role and were later granted Roman citizenship alongside other allied peoples.[11] Cicero later referred to "Frentani homines nobilissimi" among the allies of Cluentius of Larinum.[12] Their integration into Roman administration culminated in their inclusion within Regio IV (Samnium) under Augustus.[13]

Settlements

Major towns of the Frentani included:

  • Ortona – A coastal settlement described by Strabo as the port of the Frentani; it retains its ancient name.[14]
  • Histonium – Identified with modern Vasto; notable archaeological remains confirm its importance.[15]
  • Anxanum – Inland city corresponding to modern Lanciano; attested by Ptolemy and included in Roman itineraries.[16]

Other possible sites include Buca, likely located at Termoli; Uscosium, near the modern Sinarca river; and Pallanum, identified with ruins at Monte Pallano, southwest of Atessa.[17] The Geographer of Ravenna and the Tabula Peutingeriana mention a station called Annum near Pallanum, though the name is probably corrupt.[18] The supposed town of Interamna, placed by some at Termoli, is based on a suspect inscription cited by Muratori but likely refers to the well-known Interamna of the Praetutii.[19]

Roads

Two major Roman routes traversed Frentanian territory. The coastal road, mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary, ran from Ostia Aterni (modern Pescara) through Ortona, Anxanum, Histonium, and Uscosium, ending near Larinum.[20] Another route, shown in the Tabula Peutingeriana, deviated inland from the Aternus to Teate (modern Chieti), then rejoined the coast via Ortona and Anxanum. Distances and placements in these sources are occasionally inconsistent, suggesting textual corruption or differing local road systems.[21] Some inscriptions mention a Via Trajana Frentana, but the evidence for Trajanic construction is inconclusive.[22]

Coinage

Copper coins bearing the Oscan legend Frentrei have been attributed to the Frentani, possibly referring to a city named Frentrum, which may have served as their capital. Devoto, Giacomo (1951). Gli antichi Italici. Sansoni. p. 137. supports this attribution. Livy references a city of the Frentani surrendered to Rome in 319 BCE, though he does not name it explicitly.[23] The nearby city of Larinum, sometimes associated with Apulia, also issued coins during the third century BCE with the Latin inscription LARINOR(VM).[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Frentani nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  2. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Frentani" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 205.
  3. ^ Strabo, Geography 5.4.2; Ptolemy 3.1.65.
  4. ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 3.12.17; Pomponius Mela 2.4.6.
  5. ^ Strabo, Geography 5.4.1.
  6. ^ Strabo, Geography 5.4.1.
  7. ^ Livy 9.16. Note: Earlier editions read "Ferentani"; but Sigonius’s correction to "Frentani" is supported by several manuscripts (cf. Alschefski, ad loc.; Niebuhr, vol. III, p. 225).
  8. ^ Livy 9.45.
  9. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Fragments 20.2; Plutarch, Pyrrhus 16; Florus 1.18.7.
  10. ^ Livy 22.61; Silius Italicus 8.521, 15.567.
  11. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile 1.39; Strabo 5.4.1.
  12. ^ Cicero, Pro Cluentio 69.
  13. ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 3.12.17.
  14. ^ Strabo, Geography 5.4.2.
  15. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Frentani". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  16. ^ Ptolemy 3.1.65; Itinerarium Antonini 314.
  17. ^ Romanelli, Antichità Frentane, vol. III, p. 24.
  18. ^ Tabula Peutingeriana; Geographer of Ravenna 4.31.
  19. ^ Murat., Inscr. p. 1050, no. 7; Mommsen, Inscr. Regn. Neap., Appendix, p. 30.
  20. ^ Itinerarium Antonini 314.
  21. ^ Salmon, E. T. (1967). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
  22. ^ Mommsen, ad Lib. Col. p. 206.
  23. ^ Livy 9.16; Friedländer, Oskische Münzen, p. 42; Millingen, Numismatique de l'Italie, p. 180.
  24. ^ Conway, R. S. (1897). The Italic Dialects. Cambridge University Press. p. 212.

Further reading

  • Bradley, Guy (2000). Ancient Umbria: State, Culture and Identity in Central Italy from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198152927.
  • Tagliamonte, Gianluca (1996). I Sanniti. Rusconi.