Finerenone

Finerenone is a topic that has captured the attention of many people in recent years. With a rich and varied history, Finerenone has been the subject of debate, research and exciting discussions. From its beginnings to the present, Finerenone has left an indelible mark on society, influencing the way people think, act and relate. In this article, we will explore the impact of Finerenone on different aspects of everyday life and discuss its importance in the modern world. Join us on this exciting journey through the fascinating world of Finerenone!

Finerenone
Clinical data
Trade namesKerendia
Other namesBAY 94-8862
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa621038
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		Oral
Drug classPotassium-sparing diuretic
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • (4S)-4-(4-Cyano-2-methoxyphenyl)-5-ethoxy-2,8-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-1,6-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.247.614 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H22N4O3
Molar mass378.432 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • NC(=O)C1=C(C)Nc2c(C)cnc(OCC)c21c3ccc(C#N)cc3OC
  • InChI=1S/C21H22N4O3/c1-5-28-21-18-17(14-7-6-13(9-22)8-15(14)27-4)16(20(23)26)12(3)25-19(18)11(2)10-24-21/h6-8,10,17,25H,5H2,1-4H3,(H2,23,26)/t17-/m1/s1
  • Key:BTBHLEZXCOBLCY-QGZVFWFLSA-N

Finerenone, marketed under the brand name Kerendia among others, is a medication used to reduce the risk of kidney function decline, kidney failure, cardiovascular death, non-fatal heart attacks, and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes.[8] Finerenone is a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.[7] It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth).

Common side effects include abnormally high levels of potassium in the bloodstream, abnormally low levels of sodium in the bloodstream, and abnormally low blood pressure.[8]

Finerenone was approved for medical use in the United States in July 2021,[8][10] and in the European Union in February 2022.[9] The US Food and Drug Administration considers it to be a first-in-class medication.[11]

Medical uses

In the United States, finerenone is indicated to reduce the risk of kidney function decline, kidney failure, cardiovascular death, non-fatal heart attacks, and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes.[8]

In the European Union, finerenone is indicated for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (stage 3 and 4 with albuminuria) associated with type 2 diabetes in adults.[9]

Pharmacology

Finerenone has less relative affinity to other steroid hormone receptors than currently available aldosterone antagonists such as eplerenone and spironolactone, which should result in fewer adverse effects like gynaecomastia, impotence, and low libido.[12][13]

This table compares inhibitory (blocking) concentrations (IC50, unit: nM) of three antimineralocorticoids. Mineralocorticoid receptor inhibition is responsible for the desired action of the drugs, whereas inhibition of the other receptors potentially leads to side effects. Lower values mean stronger inhibition.[14]

Spironolactone Eplerenone Finerenone
Mineralocorticoid receptor 24 990 18
Glucocorticoid receptor 2400 22,000 >10,000
Androgen receptor 77 21,200 >10,000
Progesterone receptor 740 31,200 >10,000

Finerenone acts as an antagonist to mineralocorticoid receptors harboring the S810L mutation, unlike other traditional inhibitors of mineralocorticoids such as spironolactone and eplerenone that incidentally act as agonists.[15]

A meta-analysis of data from seven randomized controlled trials (13,783 participants) found a benefit to using finerenone in people with diabetic kidney disease and overt proteinuria.[16]

Adverse effects

Finerenone may cause electrolyte imbalances.[17] Symptoms that correlate with higher levels of potassium include nausea, weakness, chest pain, and loss of movement.[17] People with lower levels of sodium may experience headaches, confusion, weakness, and feeling off balance.[17]

History

The efficacy of finerenone to improve kidney and heart outcomes was evaluated in a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes.[8] In this study, 5,674 participants were randomly assigned to receive either finerenone or a placebo.[8]

The study compared the two groups for the number of participants whose disease progressed to a composite (or combined) endpoint that included at least a 40% reduction in kidney function, progression to kidney failure, or kidney death.[8] Results showed that 504 of the 2,833 participants who received finerenone had at least one of the events in the composite endpoint compared to 600 of the 2,841 participants who received a placebo.[8]

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for finerenone priority review and fast track designations.[8] The FDA granted the approval of Kerendia to Bayer Healthcare.[8]

In December 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Kerendia, intended for the treatment of chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes in adults.[18] Finerenone was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2022.[9][19]

Brand names

Finerenone is sold under the brand names Kerendia and Firialta.[20]

Research

In a phase II study, finerenone reduced urine albumin to creatinine ratio in patients with diabetic kidney disease.[21] Based on that finding, it is being studied in phase studies designed to assess whether it reduces risk of progression of chronic kidney disease and adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. These studies have enrolled more than 13,000 patients with primary completion anticipated in 2020 and 2021.[22][full citation needed][23][full citation needed]

References

  1. ^ "Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 12 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Kerendia APMDS". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 9 December 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  3. ^ "AusPAR: Finerenone". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 31 May 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ "Kerendia Product information". Health Canada. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  5. ^ "Kerendia Summary Basis of Decision". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2023.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ "Details for: Kerendia". Health Canada. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Kerendia- finerenone tablet, film coated". DailyMed. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "FDA Approves Drug for Chronic Kidney Disease". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ a b c d "Kerendia EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 14 December 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  10. ^ "Bayer's Kerendia (finerenone) Receives U.S. FDA Approval for Treatment of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes" (Press release). Bayer. 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021 – via Business Wire.
  11. ^ Advancing Health Through Innovation: New Drug Therapy Approvals 2021 (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Report). 13 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ^ Ruilope LM, Tamargo J (April 2017). "Renin-angiotensin system blockade: Finerenone". Nephrologie & Therapeutique. 13 (Suppl 1): S47 – S53. doi:10.1016/j.nephro.2017.02.003. PMID 28577743.
  13. ^ Pitt B, Anker SD, Böhm M, Gheorghiade M, Køber L, Krum H, et al. (February 2015). "Rationale and design of MinerAlocorticoid Receptor antagonist Tolerability Study-Heart Failure (ARTS-HF): a randomized study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in patients who have worsening chronic heart failure with diabetes and/or chronic kidney disease" (PDF). European Journal of Heart Failure. 17 (2): 224–32. doi:10.1002/ejhf.218. hdl:2027.42/110733. PMID 25678098. S2CID 205781715.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  14. ^ Bärfacker L, Kuhl A, Hillisch A, Grosser R, Figueroa-Pérez S, Heckroth H, et al. (August 2012). "Discovery of BAY 94-8862: a nonsteroidal antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor for the treatment of cardiorenal diseases". ChemMedChem. 7 (8): 1385–1403. doi:10.1002/cmdc.201200081. PMID 22791416. S2CID 36084480.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  15. ^ Amazit L, Le Billan F, Kolkhof P, Lamribet K, Viengchareun S, Fay MR, et al. (September 2015). "Finerenone Impedes Aldosterone-dependent Nuclear Import of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Prevents Genomic Recruitment of Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (36): 21876–89. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.657957. PMC 4571943. PMID 26203193.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  16. ^ Dutta D, Surana V, Bhattacharya S, Aggarwal S, Sharma M (May–June 2022). "Efficacy and Safety of Novel Non-steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Finerenone in the Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Meta-analysis". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 26 (3): 198–205. doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_376_21. PMC 9555385. PMID 36248038.
  17. ^ a b c "Finerenone Uses, Side Effects & Warnings". Drugs.com. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  18. ^ "Kerendia: Pending EC decision". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 16 December 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  19. ^ "Kerendia Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  20. ^ "Finerenone meets primary endpoint in Phase III FINEARTS-HF cardiovascular outcomes study in patients with heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction". Bayer (Press release). 5 August 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  21. ^ Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Chan JC, Cooper ME, Gansevoort RT, Haller H, et al. (September 2015). "Effect of Finerenone on Albuminuria in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 314 (9): 884–94. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10081. PMID 26325557.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  22. ^ Clinical trial number NCT02540993 for "Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIDELIO-DKD)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  23. ^ Clinical trial number NCT02545049 for "Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Clinical Diagnosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD)" at ClinicalTrials.gov

Further reading