Feng Guifen

In today's world, Feng Guifen has been a relevant topic that has captured the attention of society in general. With the advancement of technology and globalization, Feng Guifen has become a topic of discussion and debate in various areas, from politics to science, including culture and entertainment. As Feng Guifen continues to impact our lives in unexpected ways, it is crucial to explore its implications and consequences in contemporary society. In this article, we will take a closer look at the phenomenon of Feng Guifen and its influence on different aspects of our daily lives.

Feng Guifen (Chinese: 馮桂芬; pinyin: Féng Guìfēn; Wade–Giles: Feng2 Kuei3-fen1; 1809 – May 28, 1874,[1] courtesy name Linyi (Chinese: 林一; pinyin: Línyī), art name Jingting (Chinese: 景亭; pinyin: Jǐngtíng), later art name Dengweishanren (Chinese: 鄧尉山人; pinyin: Dèngwèishānrén), jinshi degree 1840) was a scholar during the Qing Dynasty. He was also a teacher, and a government official, serving as adviser to leading statesmen of his time.[2] Feng is known for his interest in techniques by which states had become wealthy and strong, highlighting these subjects in the essay he wrote to propose reforms for the Chinese empire.[3] He was the originator of the philosophy of the Self-Strengthening Movement undertaken in the late 19th century.[1]

Life and career

Feng was born to a family of wealthy Suzhou landowners in Wuxian in China's Jainsu Province in 1809.[4] After passing the imperial examination ranking the second, he started working as a compiler at the Hanlin Academy in 1840 and later became the civil service examination supervisor in Guangxi Province.[4] He also finally served as a private secretary to the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Li Hongzhang.[5]

During the Taiping Rebellion, Feng organized a local militia to fight the rebels. He fled to Shanghai when the rebels occupied Suzhou.[3] Later in his life, Feng became the leader of the jingshi school during the Tongzhi Restoration (1862-1874).[6] He also had an established intellectual relationship with Sun Yat-sen.[6]

Chinese reform

When Feng fled to Shanghai, he came in contact with Westerners who were defending the city. He developed his ideas on modernization based from this interaction.[2] Like other intellectuals and Qing officials such as Wenxiang, Zeng Guofan, and Zuo Zongtang,[7] Feng argued for self-strengthening and industrialization by borrowing western technology and military systems,[8] while retaining core Neo-Confucian principles. After the disasters experienced by China following Wei Yuan's death in 1857, he proposed wide-ranging reforms in a collection of works called Jiaobinlu kangyi or Essays of Protest.[9] In his essay, On The Manufacture of Foreign Weapons, he was famously quoted as saying: "what we have to learn from the barbarians is only the one thing - solid ships and effective guns", though in reality his proposals were a little more extensive.[10][11]

The essays, which numbered 40 in total, outlined two measures. The first involved the technical improvements in the bureaucracy from the engineering initiatives in the Yellow River to fiscal reform such as the reform of the traditional salt gabelle.[9] The second proposed constitutional changes, particularly the reallocation of political power and status.[9] Although many of his reforms were never fully enacted, they were circulated for later generations of political reformers. It is also considered one of the earliest reformist agenda of modern China and would contribute to the Hundred Days Reform of 1898.[12] His ideas also became the basis for the Self-Strengthening Movement that emerged in 1861 and lasted until 1895.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  2. ^ a b Bary, Wm Theodore De; Lufrano, Richard (2000). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century, Second Edition. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 235. ISBN 0-231-10938-5.
  3. ^ a b Weizheng, Zhu (2015). Rereading Modern Chinese History. Leiden: BRILL. p. 288. ISBN 9789004293304.
  4. ^ a b c Gao, James (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 112. ISBN 9780810849303.
  5. ^ Rowe, W. T. (2009) China’s Last Empire: The Great Qing. Harvard University Press. p. 208.
  6. ^ a b Yü, Ying-shih (2016). Chinese History and Culture: Seventeenth Century Through Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780231178587.
  7. ^ Fung, Edmund S. K. (2010). The Intellectual Foundations of Chinese Modernity: Cultural and Political Thought in the Republican Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-139-48823-5.
  8. ^ Reaves, Joseph A. (2004). Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia. U of Nebraska Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-8032-9001-2.
  9. ^ a b c Kuhn, Philip A. (2002). Origins of the Modern Chinese State. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0804742839.
  10. ^ Fairbank, J. & Teng, S. (1979, Nov 15) China’s Response to the West: A Documentary Survey. Harvard University Press. Page 53.
  11. ^ Wealth and Power
  12. ^ Wu, Guo (2010). Zheng Guanying: Merchant Reformer of Late Qing China and His Influence on Economics, Politics, and Society. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. p. 27. ISBN 9781604977059.

Further reading