Fallow deer
Nowadays, Fallow deer is a topic that has gained great relevance in today's society. With the advancement of technology and globalization, Fallow deer has become a key word in people's vocabulary as it covers different aspects of daily life. From politics, economics, culture, health, to entertainment, Fallow deer has positioned itself as a topic of general interest, generating debates, reflections and actions in different areas. This is why it is essential to thoroughly analyze and understand the importance of Fallow deer in today's world. In this article, we will explore the different dimensions of Fallow deer and its impact on society, as well as the possible future perspectives that are envisioned around this topic.
| Fallow deer Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| European fallow deer (D. dama) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Cervidae |
| Tribe: | Cervini |
| Genus: | Dama Frisch, 1775 |
| Type species | |
| Cervus dama [1] Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| Species | |
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For other extinct species, see text | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Fallow deer is the common name for species of deer in the genus Dama of subfamily Cervinae.[3] There are two living species, the European fallow deer (Dama dama), native to Europe and Anatolia, and the Persian fallow deer (Dama mesapotamica), native to the Middle East. The European species has been widely introduced elsewhere.
Name
The name fallow is derived from the deer's pale brown colour. The Latin word dāma or damma, used for roe deer, gazelles, and antelopes, lies at the root of the modern scientific name, as well as the German Damhirsch, French daim, Dutch damhert, and Italian daino. In Serbo-Croatian, the name for the fallow deer is jelen lopatar ("shovel deer"), due to the form of its antlers. The Modern Hebrew name of the fallow deer is yachmur (יחמור).
Description
The Persian fallow deer is the larger of the two living species, with an average body mass of around 70–140 kilograms (150–310 lb),[4] and a shoulder height of around 80–110 centimetres (31–43 in)[5] with the European fallow deer having an average body mass of around 35–80 kilograms (77–176 lb).[4] The living fallow deer species have antlers which have flattened (palmate) ends,[4] with the palmate section being somewhat narrower in the antlers of Persian fallow deer.[6] During the summer months European fallow deer have a reddish pelt with white spots along the back and the sides (flank), while during the winter they have a grey pelt that lacks or has less visible spots.[7]
Ecology
The diet of the European fallow deer has been described as highly flexible, and able to adapt to local conditions.[8] In Britain, it has been observed to primarily feed on grass on summer months, and feed on acorns and other mast during the autumn and early winter, as well as on shrubs and trees.[9]
Taxonomy and evolution
The genus includes two extant species:
Extant species
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| European fallow deer
|
Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Confirmed native only to Turkey, but possibly native to the Italian Peninsula, the Balkans, and the island of Rhodes in Greece; introduced from Roman times onwards to the rest of Europe, and around the world in more recent times
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Persian fallow deer
|
Dama mesopotamica (Brooke, 1875) |
Iran and Israel; once ranged throughout the Middle East and eastern Turkey
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
EN
|
Some taxonomists classify the Persian fallow deer as a subspecies (D. d. mesopotamica),[1] while others, such as the IUCN, treat it as a separate species (D. mesopotamica).[10] Based on genetic evidence, Dama is considered to be closest living relative of the extinct genus Megaloceros.[11] The circumscription of the genus is uncertain, with some authors choosing to include taxa that are otherwise placed in the genus Pseudodama, which may be ancestral to Dama.[4]
The earliest species of Dama appeared around the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary approximately 2.6 million years ago,[12] or around the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene approximately 0.8 million years ago,[13] depending on the species included in the genus. The relationships of most Dama species to each other and to other fossil deer are controversial, with no overall consensus on their relationships, aside the close relationship of D. clactoniana with the living Dama species. The earliest Dama species lack palmate (broad and flattened) antlers, with this trait only developing in D. pelleponesica, D. clactoniana, and the two living species.[4]
Extinct species, based on van der Made et al. 2023:[4]
- Dama nestii known from the Early Pleistocene of Europe, also assigned to the genus Pseudodama.[12]
- Dama vallonnetensis known from the Early Pleistocene of Europe,[4] also assigned to Pseudodama.[14]
- Dama farnetensis known from the Early Pleistocene of Europe,[4] also assigned to Pseudodama.[15]
- Dama pelleponesica known from the early Middle Pleistocene of Greece, with similar remains referred to as Dama aff. pelleponesica known from the late Middle Pleistocene of Azokh Cave in Azerbaijan. Species not universally recognised as valid.[4]
- Dama roberti known from the early Middle Pleistocene of Europe.[15]
- Dama celiae known from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain[4]
- Dama clactoniana, known from the late Middle Pleistocene of Europe, thought to be the ancestor of the two living species.[4]
Relationships of Dama to other deer species based on mitochondrial DNA.[16]
| Cervidae |
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References
- ^ a b Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ "Dama". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
- ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k van der Made, Jan; Rodríguez-Alba, Juan José; Martos, Juan Antonio; Gamarra, Jesús; Rubio-Jara, Susana; Panera, Joaquín; Yravedra, José (April 2023). "The fallow deer Dama celiae sp. nov. with two-pointed antlers from the Middle Pleistocene of Madrid, a contemporary of humans with Acheulean technology". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 15 (4). doi:10.1007/s12520-023-01734-3. hdl:10261/307292. ISSN 1866-9557.
- ^ Khademi TG. A review of the biological status of persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica), a precious and endangered animal species in Iran. J Middle East Appl Sci Technol (JMEAST), 2014(18): p. 638–42.
- ^ Khademi TG. A review of the biological status of persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica), a precious and endangered animal species in Iran. J Middle East Appl Sci Technol (JMEAST), 2014(18): p. 638–42.
- ^ Thirgood, Simon Jeremy (1990) Variation in social systems of fallow deer. University of Southampton, Doctoral Thesis.
- ^ Esattore, Bruno; Saggiomo, Laura; Sensi, Marco; Francia, Vanessa; Cherin, Marco (April 2022). "Tell me what you eat and I'll tell you…where you live: an updated review of the worldwide distribution and foraging ecology of the fallow deer (Dama dama)". Mammalian Biology. 102 (2): 321–338. doi:10.1007/s42991-022-00250-6. ISSN 1616-5047.
- ^ Jackson, John (April 1977). "The annual diet of the Fallow deer (Dama dama) in the New Forest, Hampshire, as determined by rumen content analysis". Journal of Zoology. 181 (4): 465–473. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb03257.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
- ^ Saltz, David; Rabiei, Alireza; Daujat, Julie; Baker, Karis; Noam Werner (IUCN SSC Deer SG / General Curator EAZA Deer TAG Chair, The Tisch Family Zoological Gardens (July 25, 2015). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dama mesopotamica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- ^ Immel, Alexander; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Bonazzi, Marion; Jahnke, Tina K.; Münzel, Susanne C.; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Herbig, Alexander; Kind, Claus-Joachim; Krause, Johannes (2015). "Mitochondrial Genomes of Giant Deers Suggest their Late Survival in Central Europe". Scientific Reports. 5 (10853): 10853. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510853I. doi:10.1038/srep10853. PMC 4459102. PMID 26052672.
- ^ a b Cherin, Marco; Breda, Marzia; Esattore, Bruno; Hart, Vlastimil; Turek, Jiří; Porciello, Francesco; Angeli, Giovanni; Holpin, Sofia; Iurino, Dawid A. (2022-08-16). "A Pleistocene Fight Club revealed by the palaeobiological study of the Dama-like deer record from Pantalla (Italy)". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 13898. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18091-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9381596. PMID 35974071.
- ^ Mecozzi, Beniamino; Sardella, Raffaele; Breda, Marzia (2023-08-09). "Late Early to late Middle Pleistocene medium-sized deer from the Italian Peninsula: implications for taxonomy and biochronology". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 104: 191–215. doi:10.1007/s12549-023-00583-1. hdl:11573/1706615. ISSN 1867-1594.
- ^ Azzarà, Beatrice; Breda, Marzia; Cirilli, Omar; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Ruzza, Federica; Sorbelli, Leonardo; Tancredi, Domenico; Cherin, Marco (2022). "Vigna Nuova: the first Middle Villafranchian mammal assemblage from the Valdichiana Basin, Perugia (Italy)". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 61 (2): 223–247. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2022.12 (inactive 2024-11-20). ISSN 0375-7633.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ a b Breda, Marzia; Lister, Adrian M. (June 2013). "Dama roberti, a new species of deer from the early Middle Pleistocene of Europe, and the origins of modern fallow deer". Quaternary Science Reviews. 69: 155–167. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.029.
- ^ Tsuboi, Masahito; Kopperud, Bjørn Tore; Matschiner, Michael; Grabowski, Mark; Syrowatka, Christine; Pélabon, Christophe; Hansen, Thomas F. (2024-01-29). "Antler Allometry, the Irish Elk and Gould Revisited". Evolutionary Biology. 51: 149–165. doi:10.1007/s11692-023-09624-1. ISSN 0071-3260.
