Connation

In this article, we are going to delve into the fascinating world of Connation and explore all its facets. From its origins to its evolution today, Connation has played a crucial role in various areas of daily life. Over the next few lines, we will examine in detail its impact on society, culture and technology, as well as the challenges and opportunities it presents for the future. Through deep and thoughtful analysis, we hope to shed light on this topic and provide a unique insight that invites reflection and debate.

Not to be confused with Cognation or Conation.

Connation in plants is the developmental fusion of organs of the same type, for example, petals to one another to form a tubular corolla.[1][2] This is in contrast to adnation, the fusion of dissimilar organs. Such organs are described as connate or adnate, respectively. When like organs that are usually well separated are placed next to each other, but not actually connected, they are described as connivent (that is the case for anthers in several genera, such as Solanum).

flower in the center of which is a projecting tube formed of the fused filaments of the stamens; the free anthers form a spreading cluster at its tip
The stamens of Hibiscus (like many Malvaceae) are synfilamentous.
Synanthery in a (dissected) flower of Sinningia cardinalis

Terms for connation of flower parts

  • Synsepalous: All the sepals of a flower are fused into a cup or tube; the fused portion is the calyx tube, and any non fused tips are the calyx lobes.
  • Sympetalous: All the petals of a flower are fused into a cup, tube, or other shape.
  • Stamens:
    • Synandrous: Stamens are fused in an unspecified manner
    • Synfilamentous: Stamens are fused by their filaments
    • Synantherous: Stamens are fused by their anthers
  • Syncarpous: Carpels are fused together to form a compound ovary

References

  1. ^ Little, R. John; Jones, C. Eugene, eds. (1980). A Dictionary of Botany. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. p. 91. ISBN 0-442-24169-0.
  2. ^ Jackson, Benjamin Daydon (1928). A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent (fourth ed.). London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 89.