In today's world, Binandere language has become a relevant topic and of general interest to people everywhere. With the advancement of technology and globalization, Binandere language has taken a leading role in our lives, influencing everything from our way of working to our personal relationships. This article thoroughly explores the impact and importance of Binandere language in modern society, offering a detailed analysis of its implications on different aspects of our lives. Whether it is Binandere language as a public figure, a historical event, or a social phenomenon, its relevance transcends borders and deserves to be examined from different perspectives.
| Binandere | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Oro Province |
Native speakers | 7,000 (2007)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bhg |
| Glottolog | bina1277 |
Binandere is a Papuan language spoken in the "tail" of Papua New Guinea.
Binandere has 11 consonants: voiced and voiceless bilabials, alveolars, and velars; voiced labial and alveolar nasals; the flap /ɾ/; the voiced bilabial fricative /β/ and the palatal approximant /j/.[2]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | |
| Nasal | m | n | ||
| Fricative | β | |||
| Approximant | j | |||
| Tap/flap | ɾ |
Binandere also has the 5 common vowels /ɑ e i o u/ and their five nasal counterparts.[2]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | u ũ | |
| Mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Open | ɑ ɑ̃ |
These vowels can be combined to form up to 11 possible diphthongs:
Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012):[3]
| proto-Trans-New Guinea | Binandere |
|---|---|
| *m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ | mendo |
| *m(o,u)k ‘milk, sap, breast’ | mu ‘sap’ |
| *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’ |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (gisi)-moka ‘eye’ |
| *mV ‘taro’ | (Suena ma ‘taro’) |
| *mV- ‘give’ | (Korafe mut- ‘give’) |
| *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
| *am(a,i) ‘mother’ | ai (*m lost before i), (Suena mia) |
| *amu ‘breast’ | ami |
| *k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ | tumba ‘darkness’ |
| *na ‘1SG’ | na |
| *na- ‘eat’ | na- ‘eat, drink’ |
| *ni ‘bird’ | ni |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | (Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) |
| pMadang-Binandere *nu ‘3SG free pronoun’ | nu |
| *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (Korafe ghamana ‘stone’) |
| *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, (Korafe munju ‘egg’) |
| *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | (?) beriberi ‘be alight’ |
| *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | beri-beri ‘be alight’ |
| *mbulikV ‘turn (oneself)’ | (Guhu-Samane burisi eetaqu ‘turn over, turn s.th. around’) |
| *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’, ‘widow and child’ | (Suena boga masa ‘destitute widow and child’) |
| *pu + verb ‘to blow’ | Binandere put- ‘blow’ |
| *ambi ‘man’ | embo (Guhu-Samane abi ‘man’) |
| *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
| *tumba(C) ‘short’ | tupo |
| *kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ | (?) imbosi |
| *apa ‘father’ | afa (Korafe afa) |
| *ndaŋgi/ndiŋga ‘tie’ | (Suena di ‘tie’) |
| *m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ | mendo |
| *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, etc.’) |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari ‘ear’) |
| *inda ‘tree’ | izi (cf. Notu ri) |
| *tumba(C) ‘short’ | tupo |
| *k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ | Binandere tumba ‘darkness’, ‘night’) |
| *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi moka |
| *at(i,u) ‘netbag’ | asi (Suena ati ‘netbag’) |
| *si ‘urine’ | pBinandere *susu (Korafe soso) |
| *titi ‘tooth’ | ji |
| *asi ‘string, rope’ | asi ‘vine, string, rope’) |
| *kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’ |
| *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | (Suena boga masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ |
| *kanjipa ‘sun’ | (?) kariga ‘moon’ |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi-(moka) |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (gisi)-moka (Korafe móko ‘core, centre’) |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | (pBinandere *niŋg- ‘hear’, Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) |
| *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | (Suena boga-masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ |
| *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari) |
| *kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’, kosiwa ari ‘to spit’ |
| *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana) |
| *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana ‘stone’) |
| *k(o,u)ndVC ‘bone’ | (?) undoru ‘bones’ |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | (?) abu-bugari ‘dead people’, (pBin *ambu- ‘wither, be sick, dying’) |
| *kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ | (?) imbosi |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari) |
| *la(ŋg,k)a ‘ashes’ | (aßa)-raka ‘fire’ |
| *sikal/*sakil ‘hand, claw’ | (?) siŋgu ‘finger’, finger’) |
| *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
| *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | birigi |
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