Batrachia

Batrachia's theme is one that has captured the attention of millions of people around the world. For a long time now, Batrachia has been the subject of debate, discussion and deep analysis. Its impact on society, culture and the economy is undeniable, and its relevance remains evident today. In this article, we will explore the many facets of Batrachia, from its origin and evolution to its influence on different aspects of everyday life. Through a thorough examination, we hope to shed light on this phenomenon and provide a clear and concise view of its importance to the modern world.

Batrachia
Temporal range:
Early Triassic – Present,
Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea)
Fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Subclass: Lissamphibia
Superorder: Batrachia
Latreille, 1800
Clades

Caudata
Salientia

The Batrachia /bəˈtreɪkiə/ are a clade of amphibians that includes frogs and salamanders, but not caecilians nor the extinct allocaudates.[1] The name Batrachia was first used by French zoologist Pierre André Latreille in 1800 to refer to frogs, but has more recently been defined in a phylogenetic sense as a node-based taxon that includes the last common ancestor of frogs and salamanders and all of its descendants. The idea that frogs and salamanders are more closely related to each other than either is to caecilians is strongly supported by morphological and molecular evidence; they are, for instance, the only vertebrates able to raise and lower their eyes.[2] However, an alternative hypothesis exists in which salamanders and caecilians are each other's closest relatives as part of a clade called the Procera, with frogs positioned as the sister taxon of this group.[3]

Origins

The earliest batrachians are the stem-frogs Triadobatrachus and Czatkobatrachus from the Early Triassic, about 250 million years ago. However, several molecular clock estimates place the first appearance of the Batrachia (the time at which frog and salamander lineages diverged from each other) before the Early Triassic. Most estimates place the divergence in the Permian[4] but some put it as far back as 367 million years ago in the Late Devonian (which is when tetrapods are thought to have started to emerge from fishapods).[5] However, there is no evidence of lissamphibians or lissamphibian-like animals in the fossil record at this time. The tetrapod groups that are hypothesized as ancestors of modern amphibians (lepospondyls and amphibamid temnospondyls) appear in the Late Carboniferous, roughly 300 million years ago. Large fossil tetrapod assemblages are known from the Artinskian stage of the Early Permian about 275 million years ago and contain no lissamphibians, suggesting that the Early Permian may be an upper bound for the age of Batrachia.[6]

References

  1. ^ Ryoko Matsumoto; Susan E. Evans (2018). "The first record of albanerpetontid amphibians (Amphibia: Albanerpetontidae) from East Asia". PLoS ONE. 13 (1): e0189767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189767. PMC 5752013. PMID 29298317.
  2. ^ Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
  3. ^ Marjanović, D.; Laurin, M. (2013). "The origin(s) of extant amphibians: A review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"". Geodiversitas. 35: 207. doi:10.5252/g2013n1a8. S2CID 67823991.
  4. ^ Pyron, R. A. (2011). "Divergence Time Estimation Using Fossils as Terminal Taxa and the Origins of Lissamphibia". Systematic Biology. 60 (4): 466–481. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr047. PMID 21540408.
  5. ^ Inoue, J.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Yang, Z. (2009). "The Impact of the Representation of Fossil Calibrations on Bayesian Estimation of Species Divergence Times" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 74–89. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp078. PMID 20525621.
  6. ^ Marjanovic, D.; Laurin, M. (2007). "Fossils, Molecules, Divergence Times, and the Origin of Lissamphibians". Systematic Biology. 56 (3): 369–388. doi:10.1080/10635150701397635. PMID 17520502.


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