Arius Didymus

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"Areius" redirects here. For other uses, see Areius (disambiguation).

Arius Didymus (Ancient Greek: Ἄρειος Δίδυμος Areios Didymos; fl. 1st century BC) was a Stoic philosopher and teacher of Augustus. Fragments of his handbooks summarizing Stoic and Peripatetic doctrines are preserved by Stobaeus and Eusebius.

Life

Arius was a citizen of Alexandria. Areius as well as his two sons, Dionysius and Nicanor, are said to have instructed Augustus himself in philosophy, and Areius for a time resided directly within Augustus's household.[1][2] He is frequently mentioned by the philosopher Themistius, who says that Augustus valued Areius not less than Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, who is commonly thought of as Augustus's confidant and right-hand man (though it must be mentioned that Themistius was writing four hundred years after the fact).[3] Augustus esteemed him so highly, that after the conquest of Alexandria, he declared that he spared the city chiefly for the sake of Arius.[4][5][6][7] According to Plutarch, Arius advised Augustus to execute Caesarion, the son of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar, with the words "ouk agathon polukaisarie" ("it is not good to have too many Caesars"), a pun on a line in Homer.[8] Modern scholars disagree over whether this was the actual reason Augustus spared the city, as at the same time Augustus claimed he was also doing it to honor the memory of Alexander the Great, and some scholars also suggest that he did it to curry favor with that city's elite.[9][10] Arius as well as his two sons, Dionysius and Nicanor, are said to have instructed Augustus in philosophy.[11] He is frequently mentioned by Themistius, who says that Augustus valued him not less than Agrippa.[12] He is presumably the "Arius" whose Life was among those in the missing final section of book VII of the Lives of Diogenes Laërtius.[13]

Others sources state that he was offered the post of Praefectus or governor of Egypt, but that Areius turned Augustus down in order to take a post in the province of Sicilia, though modern scholars have some doubt about this anecdote (primarily because there are no other examples of anyone being "offered" a post by Augustus and having turned him down). It has been suggested that this story was state propaganda to justify Augustus's removal of Areius from the province of Egypt and installation of Cornelius Gallus as Praefectus.[9]

Areius was succeeded as "personal philosopher" of Augustus by the philosopher Theon.[2] From Quintilian[14] it appears that Areius also taught or wrote on rhetoric.[15][16][17][18]

Philosophy

Arius Didymus is usually identified with the Arius whose works are quoted at length by Stobaeus, summarising Stoic, Peripatetic and Platonist philosophy.[19] That his full name is Arius Didymus we know from Eusebius, who quotes two long passages of his concerning Stoic views on God; the conflagration of the Universe; and the soul.[20]

Notes

  1. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Augustus 89
  2. ^ a b Arnold, Edward Vernon (1911). Roman Stoicism: Being Lectures on the History of the Stoic Philosophy with Special Reference to Its Development Within the Roman Empire. The University Press. pp. 110–111. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  3. ^ Themistius, Orations v. p. 63d, viii; 108b, x; 130b, xiii; 173c. ed. Petav. 1684
  4. ^ Plutarch, Ant. 80, Apophth. p. 207
  5. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History 51.16
  6. ^ Julian, Epistulae 51
  7. ^ Strabo, Geographica xiv. p. 670
  8. ^ David Braund et al, Myth, history and culture in republican Rome: studies in honour of T.P. Wiseman, University of Exeter Press, 2003, p. 305. The original line was "ouk agathon polukoiranie": "Too many leaders are not good" or "the rule of many is a bad thing" (Homer, Iliad, Bk. II. vers. 204 and 205). In Greek "polukaisarie" is a variation on "polukoiranie". "Kaisar" (Caesar) replacing "Koiran(os)", meaning "leader".
  9. ^ a b Capponi, Livia (2005). Augustan Egypt: The Creation of a Roman Province. Studies in Classics. Routledge. pp. 87, 179. ISBN 978-1135873691. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  10. ^ Gurval, Robert Alan (1998). Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War. University of Michigan Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0472084890. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  11. ^ Suetonius, Augustus, 89.
  12. ^ Themistius, Orat. v, viii, x, xiii
  13. ^ Richard Hope, 1930, The book of Diogenes Laertius: its spirit and its method, p. 17.
  14. ^ Quintilian, ii. 15. § 36, iii. 1. § 16
  15. ^ Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 2.15.36, 3.1.16
  16. ^ Seneca, De Consolatione ad Marciam 4
  17. ^ Claudius Aelianus, Varia Historia 12.25
  18. ^ Suda, Ἄρειος, Θέων
  19. ^ Sedley, D., "The School, from Zeno to Arius Didymus" in Inwood, B. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 32.
  20. ^ Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica, xv. 15, 18–20.

Further reading

  • Fortenbaugh, W. (Editor) (2002). On Stoic and Peripatetic Ethics: The Work of Arius Didymus. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0765809729
  • Holiday, Ryan; Hanselman, Stephen (2020). "Arius Didymus the Kingmaker II". Lives of the Stoics. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. pp. 168–176. ISBN 978-0525541875.
  • Inwood, R. and L.P. Gerson, L.P. (1997). Hellenistic Philosophy. Introductory Readings, 2nd edition, Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis/Cambridge, pp. 203–232. [ISBN missing]
  • Pomeroy, Arthur J. (ed.) (1999). "Arius Didymus". Epitome of Stoic Ethics. Texts and Translations 44; Graeco-Roman 14. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. ix, 160. ISBN 0884140016

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schmitz, Leonhard (1870). "Areius". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 275.