Ao language
Nowadays, Ao language is a topic that arouses great interest in society. (Name of person) is a figure that has captured the attention of millions of people around the world. From his shocking discovery to his most recent achievements, Ao language has left an indelible mark on history. In this article, we will thoroughly explore the life and work of Ao language, analyzing his impact in various areas and unraveling the reasons that have made him a reference for future generations. Join us on this journey of discovery and admiration for Ao language.
| Ao | |
|---|---|
| Central Naga | |
| Geographic distribution | Nagaland, India |
| Ethnicity | Ao Naga |
| Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | njo |
| Glottolog | aona1235 |
The Ao language is a Naga language spoken by the Ao Naga in Nagaland of northeast India, whose two varieties are nearly mutually unintelligible. It is written in Latin script.
Ao language cluster
Ethnologue lists the following varieties of Ao.
- Mongsen Khari
- Changki
- Chongli (Chungli)
- Dordar (Yacham)
- Longla
Chongli and Mongsen are nearly mutually unintelligible.
Mills (1926) lists the Ao Naga tribes of Nagaland as speaking three languages: Chungli, Mongsen, and Changki. Chungli Ao and Mongsen Ao are spoken in majority of the Ao villages, whereas Changki speakers form the minor speakers.
Mongsen Ao is spoken primarily in the western part of Ao territory.
Changki Ao is spoken only in 3 villages - Changki, Japu and Longjemdang - which is poorly documented though reportedly related to Mongsen Ao. Some Changki speakers can fluently converse in both Mongsen and Chungli, but a Mongsen Ao cannot speak Changki or understand it, whereas a Chungli can hardly understand or speak Changki. Chungli Ao and Mongsen Ao are not mutually intelligible.[1]
The speech of each Ao village has its own distinctive characteristics. Many villages contain both Chungli and Mongsen speakers.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | i | ɯ | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o | |
| Open | a | ɔ | ||
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | plain | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | g | |||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ɕ | |||
| voiced | d͡ʑ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ɕ | |||
| voiced | z | 𝼅 | ||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||
Tones
This language has 3 tones, mid tone ˧ rising tone ˩˥ and falling tone ˥˩.
References
- ^ Escamilla, R. M. (2012). An Updated Typology of Causative Constructions: Form-Function Mappings in Hupa (California Athabaskan), Chungli Ao (Tibeto-Burman), and Beyond. Unpublished PhD dissertation, U.C. Berkeley.
- van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Brill.
- Bruhn, Daniel Wayne. 2014. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
- Saul, J. D. 2005. The Naga of Burma: Their festivals, customs and way of life. Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press.
- Barkman, Tiffany. 2014. A descriptive grammar of Jejara (Para Naga) Archived 2019-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Shi, Vong Tsuh. 2009. Discourse studies of Makuri Naga narratives Archived 2020-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Language and Social Development Organization (LSDO). 2006. A sociolinguistic survey of Makuri, Para, and Long Phuri Naga in Layshi Township, Myanmar. Unpublished manuscript.
- Mills, J. P (1926). The Ao Nagas. London: MacMillan & Co.
