1438
This article will address the topic of 1438, a highly relevant issue that has captured the attention of experts and the general public in recent years. 1438 has been the subject of numerous studies and research due to its impact on various aspects of daily life, from health to the economy. Throughout the text, different facets of 1438 will be analyzed, from its history and evolution to its implications in today's society. In addition, possible solutions and proposals to address the challenges posed by 1438 in the contemporary world will be examined. Through a multidimensional approach, the aim is to offer the reader a complete and updated vision of 1438, in order to contribute to the debate and understanding of this phenomenon.
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| Years |
|---|
| Millennium |
| 2nd millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| 1438 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1438 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1438 MCDXXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2191 |
| Armenian calendar | 887 ԹՎ ՊՁԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6188 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1359–1360 |
| Bengali calendar | 844–845 |
| Berber calendar | 2388 |
| English Regnal year | 16 Hen. 6 – 17 Hen. 6 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1982 |
| Burmese calendar | 800 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6946–6947 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁巳年 (Fire Snake) 4135 or 3928 — to — 戊午年 (Earth Horse) 4136 or 3929 |
| Coptic calendar | 1154–1155 |
| Discordian calendar | 2604 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1430–1431 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5198–5199 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1494–1495 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1359–1360 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4538–4539 |
| Holocene calendar | 11438 |
| Igbo calendar | 438–439 |
| Iranian calendar | 816–817 |
| Islamic calendar | 841–842 |
| Japanese calendar | Eikyō 10 (永享１０年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1353–1354 |
| Julian calendar | 1438 MCDXXXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3771 |
| Minguo calendar | 474 before ROC 民前474年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −30 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1980–1981 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火蛇年 (female Fire-Snake) 1564 or 1183 or 411 — to — 阳土马年 (male Earth-Horse) 1565 or 1184 or 412 |
Year 1438 (MCDXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–March
- January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg is crowned as King of Hungary at Székesfehérvár.Ráth, Károly, A magyar királyok hadjáratai, utazásai és tartózkodási helyei, nyomtatott ("The campaigns, travels and residences of the Hungarian kings")(Győr: Sauervein Gézánál, 1861)
- January 8 – Upset at the attempted reforms at the Council of Basel in Switzerland, Pope Eugene IV convenes a rival council at Ferrara in Italy, through Niccolò Albergati, the Roman Cahtolic Bishop of Bologna, with 40 prelates in attendance.[1]
- January 9 – The city of Cluj (Kolozsvár) is conquered, thus marking the end of the Transylvanian peasant revolt, which started at Bobâlna.
- January 24 – The Council of Basel, with only 16 bishops present, votes to suspend Pope Eugene from papal authority.[2]
- February 2 – The Unio Trium Nationum pact is established in Transylvania.
- February 10 – All Souls' College is founded in the University of Oxford by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Henry VI of England as a graduate institution.[3]
- February 15 – Pope Eugene issues the bull "Exposcit debitum", declaring the council at Ferrara an ecumenical council, and commanding the prelates at Basel to appear at Ferrara within a month or face excommunication.[4]
- March 17 – Albert II of Germany is approved by the electors in the Holy Roman Empire as the King of the Romans, the ruler of Germany.
April–June
- April 14 – The County of Holland declares war on several cities of the Hanseatic League, triggering the Dutch–Hanseatic War.[5]
- May 6 – Albert becomes King of Bohemia.
- May 19 – René of Anjou, son of the late King Louis II of Valois-Anjou arrives in the Kingdom of Naples to take the vacant throne, reaching the Italian city ahead of King Alfonso V of Aragon, who also wanted the throne.[6] Alfonso makes plans to lay siege to the city of Naples.
- June 7 – Upon the death of Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, his 14 year old son Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf temporarily becomes the new monarch, under the guardianship of the regent Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq, Na'ib of Damascus.[7]
- June 29 – The coronation of King Albrecht II. Habsburský of Bohemia takes place in Prague.
July–September
- July 7 – Charles VII of France issues the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, giving the French church control over the appointment of bishops, and depriving the Pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.[8]
- August 20 – The reign of Friedrich I von Helfenstein as Count of Helfenstein (in what is now the German state of Baden-Württemberg) ends after 66 years. Friedrich and his brothers Conrad and Ulrich had become joint rulers in 1372 on the death of their father, Ulrich XIII, but Ulrich IX and Conrad I had died in 1375 and 1402, respectively. Friedrich's three sons become the joint rulers..
- September 9 – In Cairo, Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq becomes the new Sultan of Egypt and Syria, deposing the young Sultan Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf, whom he has arrested and then deported to Alexandria.[9]
- September 13 – Afonso V becomes King of Portugal upon the death of his father King Duarte I.[10]
October–December
- October 17 – Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, loses direct control of Sweden, as Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.[11]
- October 27 – At Mandore (now part of the state of Rajasthan in India), Rao Ranmal, King of Marwar is assassinated after becoming drunk during the festival of Diwali, when one of his wives, Bharmali, ties him up and opens his bedroom door to admit a team of assassins.[12] Ranmal's son, Rao Jodha, becomes the new King.
- November 27 – Following approval by the General Council of Scotland, regents for King James II of Scotland give royal assent to the Inquisitions in Last Reign Act, providing for the continuation of any inquisition by the Roman Catholic Church for heresy that had been started prior to the assassination of King James I.[13]
- December 8 – In Ming dynasty China, the Emperor Yingzong gives the order to his General, Mu Sheng, to go to war against the state of the Dai people (on the border with the Burmese Kingdom of Ava)and their ruler, King Möng Mao.[14]
- December 13 – The siege of Brescia in Italy, started on September 25 by the condottieri of the Duchy of Milan troops of Niccolò Piccinino to liberate the city from its control by the Republic of Venice, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì. According to tradition, two Brescian martyrs from the second century, Saint Faustino and Saint Giovita, appear on the top of the city walls and repel the cannonballs fired at the city, and the Milanese abandon the siege.[15]
Date unknown
- According to John Rowe's chronology, Pachacuti becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and begins its expansion into the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu).[16]
- At 95 years of age, Nang Keo Phimpha becomes queen of Lan Xang for a few months before being deposed and killed.
- Just two years after the Ming dynasty court of China allowed landowners paying the grain tax to pay their tax in silver instead, the Ming court now decides to close all silver mines and prohibit all private silver mining in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This is a concerted effort to halt the increase of silver circulating into the market. The illegal mining of silver is now an offense punishable by death; although it becomes a dangerous affair, the high demand for silver also makes it very lucrative, and so many chose to defy the government and continue to mine.
- The Sukhothai Kingdom merges with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
Births
- February 5
- Margaret of Bourbon, French noble (d. 1483)
- Philip II, Duke of Savoy (d. 1497)
- February 12 – Adolf, Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (1465–1471) (d. 1477)
- March 23 – Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo, Italian noble (d. 1504)
- April 3 – John III of Egmont, Dutch noble (d. 1516)
- September 7 – Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse (1458–1471) (d. 1471)
- December 1 – Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, son of Charles I (d. 1503)
- date unknown – Husayn Bayqarah, Timurid ruler of Herat (d. 1506)
- probable – Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset, English nobleman and military commander during the Wars of the Roses (d. 1471)[17]
Deaths
- April 24 – Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel (b. 1429)
- September 9 – Edward, King of Portugal (b. 1391)
- October 16 – Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (b. 1383)
- October 20 – Jacopo della Quercia, Sienese sculptor (b. c. 1374)
References
- ^ Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the city of Rome in the Middle Ages. (London: G Bell & Sons, 1909) p.66
- ^ Stieber, Joachim W. (1978) Pope Eugene IV, the Council of Basel, and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire: The conflict over supreme authority and power in the Church. (Leiden: Brill, 1978) pp. 49–51]
- ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.
- ^ Georgius Hofmann (ed.), Epistolae pontificiae ad Concilium Florentinum spectantes (Rome: Pontifical Oriental Institute 1944), no. 121, pp. 6–10
- ^ Vaughan, Richard (2004). Philip the Good (reprinted new ed.). Boydell Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-85115-917-1.
- ^ Kekewich, Margaret L. (2008), The Good King: Rene of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 32
- ^ Margoliouth, David Samuel (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
- ^ W.H. Jervis, The Gallican Church: A History of the Church of France from the Concordat of Bologna, A.D. 1516, to the Revolution, Volume 1 (London: John Murray, 1872), pp. 97–100.
- ^ Clot, André (2009). L'Égypte des Mamelouks 1250-1517. L'empire des esclaves (in French). Paris: Perrin. p. 201. ISBN 978-2-262-03045-2.
- ^ Marques, Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira (1976). History of Portugal (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-231-08353-X.
- ^ Harrison, Dick (2004). Karl Knutsson: en biografi. Svenska regenter. Lund: Historiska media. ISBN 91-85057-54-1.
- ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A history of Rajasthan. Rupa & Co. p. 337. ISBN 9788129108906.
- ^ "Index of Statutes: James II (1437-1460)". Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. University of St Andrews.
- ^ Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)". SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2): 57.
- ^ "Piccinino", by Antonio Fappani, Enciclopedia Bresicana
- ^ Julian Haynes Steward (1947). Handbook of South American Indians: The Andean civilizations. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 205.
- ^ Trevor Royle (2009). The Road to Bosworth Field: A New History of the Wars of the Roses. Little, Brown. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-316-72767-9.